Modals - Estim

Front 1

What is the strength-duration curve?

Back 1

Graphic representation of of the minimum combo of current strength (amplitude) and pulse duration needed to depolarize that nerve

Front 2

What type of current and pulse durations are required for:
Sensory nerves
Motor nerves
Pain nerves

Back 2

Sensory: low-current and short pulse durations (50 to 10 microseconds)
Motor: Higher amplitude or longer pulse durations (150-300 microseconds)
Pain: higher amplitude and higher pulse duration

Front 3

Pulse duration for denervated muscle?

Back 3

Pulse durations of greater than 10 milliseconds to dirctly depolarize the muscle cell rather than the motor nerve

Front 4

What type of currents leave a net charge in tissues?
Why use this?

Back 4

Direct current (DC)
pused monophasic currents
Unbalanced biphasic waveforms
Ionto, tx of inflammation, faciltate tissue healing, and reduce formation of edema

Front 5

Pulse frequency for muscle contraction

Back 5

<30 pps = each pulse will roduce a separate mm twitch contraction
35-50 pps = smoth tetanic contraction.
Can go up to 80pps

Front 6

When to use on:off time?
Paramaters for strength, edema, spasm?

Back 6

Set to allow mm to contract and relax during tx to limit fatigue
Start with 1:5 (10:50 sec). Work to 1:3
1:1 for mm spasm or to pump out edema

Front 7

Rheobase
Chronaxie

Back 7

Mimimal intensity required to produce mm contraction with infinite pulse duration
Pulse duration at 2x rheobase amplitude

Front 8

How can electrical stimluation be used to treat ROM deficiencies?

Back 8

Muscle strength deficiency or spasticity prevents adequate joint movement

Front 9

How can estim be used for mm re-education?

Back 9

Acts as active assistive exercise
Provides proprioceptive feedback
Assists in coordinated mm movement

Front 10

Explain gait theory for pain modulation

Back 10

Sensory stim activates Alpha Beta fibers which blocks alpha delta and C fibers at the spinal cord level

Front 11

Types of TENS and mechanism to how it movdulates pain

Back 11

1. Conventional (high rate): Gate theory
2. Acupunture (strong low rate): Endogenous opiates and gate theory
3. Brief intense TNES: high pulse rate (150 pps) and long pulse (300 microsec) - for procedures like wound debridement
4. Burst mode tens: combines characteristics of high rate and low rate tens

Front 12

TENS:
Wave form
Pulse duration
Frequency
On:off time
Amplitude
Tx Time

Back 12

Waveform: pulsed biphasic or interferential
Pulse duration: 50-80 microseconds for high rate, 150-300 for low rate
Freq: 100-150 pps for high rate, less than 10 pps for low rate
On:off time: continuous
Amplitude: tingling for high rate, maximally tolerated for low rate
Tx time: 20-45 mins for high rate, every four hours (24 hours/day if wanted?)
Shorter periods for low rate due to mm fatigue and soreness

Front 13

What is Russian Current?
Pulse rate?
Pulse duration?
Ramp?
Duty cycle?

Back 13

Medium-frequency AC
10 milliseconds on, 10 milliseconds off to produce tetatnic mm contraction
50 bursts/second
Rate: 50-70 pps (tetanic)
Pulse duration: 150-300 microseconds
1-5 sec ramp
1:5 (5 sec:25 sec ie)

Front 14

Proposed mechanisms for ESTIM aiding wound healing

Back 14

Attraction of appropriate cell types to area
Altering cell membrane function
Modification of endogenous electrical potential of the tissue
Reduction of edema
Enhancement of antimicrobial activity,
Promotion of circulation

Front 15

For wound healing, when should you use negative vs. positive?

Back 15

Negative pole (cathode) to promote healing of inflamed or infected wounds to attract lymphocytes, platelets, mast cells, fibroblasts (first 3-7 days). Baceterioscidal and grunulation

Positive pole (annode) used to promote healing of wounds with no inflammation. Epidermal healing

Front 16

What happens to skin immediatley following injury

Back 16

Positive potential
Then negative potenital
Wihtout initial positive, may retard healing

Front 17

Wound healing paramaters (HVPC)

Back 17

Negative polarity first 3-7 days
50-200 pps
20-100 microsecond pulse duration (usually preset)
20-60 minutes
Amplitude to confortable tingling

Front 18

HVPC to prevent edema?

Back 18

Negative charge repels negatively charged serum proteins, blocking their movement out of BVs
Also, mm pump

Front 19

Ionto meds with annode

Back 19

Hydrocortisone (anti-inflamm)
Lidocaine (pain relief)
Mg or Ca (mm spasm)
Lithium (gout)
Zinc (dermal ulcers)
Copper (fungus)

Front 20

Contraindications for electrical current

Back 20

Demand cardiac pacemakers
unstable arrhythmias
Venous or arterial thrombosis is present
Prego
Superficial metal inplant

Front 21

Precautions for electrical current

Back 21

Cardiac disease
Malignant tumors
Skin irritation or open wounds
Ionto after other physical agents

Front 22

Ionto meds with Cathode

Back 22

Salicylate (pain)
Acetate (Ca deposits)
Dexemethasone (Anti-inflam)
Iodine (softens scars)