Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Where does the pulmonary vein go from-to?
|
right ventricle to lungs
|
|
|
Where does the bronchial vein go from-to?
|
lungs to right atrium
|
|
|
Where does the bronchopulmonary vein go from-to?
|
lungs to pulmonary vein
|
|
|
Where does the pulmonary artery go from-to?
|
heart to lungs
|
|
|
Where does the bronchial artery go from-to?
|
left ventricle to lungs
|
|
|
What causes a low V/Q mismatch? What causes a high V/Q mismatch?
|
shunt <1, alveolar dead space >1
|
|
|
What do alpha receptors do to vessels? What do beta receptors do to vessels?
|
a = vc, b = vd
|
|
|
What is wasted volume in alveolar ventilation?
|
dead space in the conducting zone
|
|
|
What is anatomic dead space? Where is it located?
|
breath that doesn't participate in gas exchange; conducting zone
|
|
|
What is alveolar dead space?
|
no blood comes to alveoli
|
|
|
What is minute ventilation? What is the usual number?
|
total air moved in and out of lung; 10 mL/kg
|
|
|
What is alveolar ventilation?
|
the volume of air available for gas exchange
|
|
|
What are the 5 things that can change the diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane?
|
thickness, SA, diffusion coeff, a:v pressure gradient, pulmonary capillary transit time
|
|
|
How much more soluble is CO2 than O2?
|
20x
|
|
|
What 2 general things can cause alveolar dead space?
|
pulmonary thrombosis, low CO
|
|
|
How does the body compensate for alveolar dead space?
|
local broncoconstriction to affected alveoli
|
|
|
What happens in shunt?
|
blood reaches the alveoli but there is no air available for gas exchange
|
|
|
How does the body compensate for shunt?
|
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
|
|
|
Why is the PaO2 of systemic arterial blood less than PaO2 of pulmonary venous blood?
|
bronchopulmonary vein and thesbian vessels
|
|
|
How much oxygen is bound to Hb? How is this measured?
|
97%, pulse ox
|
|
|
How much oxygen is dissolved to Hb? How is this measured?
|
3%, measured by PO2
|
|
|
What is saturation binding of Hb with oxygen dependent in?
|
partial pressure of dissooved oxygen
|
|
|
How is dissolved bicarb measured? How is bound to Hb bicarb measured?
|
PCO2, not measured
|
|
|
How does the medulla control ventilation?
|
rate and depth of breath
|
|
|
How do the central chemorecepotrs control ventilation?
|
detect H+ in CSF
|
|
|
How do peripheral chemoreceptors control vasodilation?
|
sensitive change in O2, CO2 and H+ in blood
|
|
|
What can override central chemoreceptor control and send signals to medulla?
|
peripheral chemoreceptors
|
|
|
What are the 4 types of hypoxia?
|
low dissolved O2 in blood, low numbers of RBC, low blood flow to tissues, cellular metabolic dysfunction
|
|
|
What is hypoventilation PaCO2?
|
>45mmHg
|
|
|
What is hyperventilation PaCO2?
|
<35mmHg
|
|
|
What is hypoventilation PaO2?
|
<80mmHg
|
|
|
What is eupnea?
|
normal breathing
|
|
|
What is stertor?
|
snoring due to obstruction
|
|
|
What is stridor?
|
shrill sound with laryngeal obstruction
|
|
|
What is a wheeze?
|
obstruction in the conducting zone
|
|
|
What is crackle due to?
|
pulmonary edema
|
|
|
At what concentration of Hb do you see cyanosis?
|
>5 g/dL
|
|
|
What is a common signalment of laryngeal parlysis /obstruction/ collapse?
|
labs with exercise intolerance
|
|
|
What is the underlying cause of laryngeal parlysis?
|
dysfunction of recurrent laryngeal nerve
|
|
|
What is the underlying cause of laryngeal obstruction?
|
mass, saccule, foreign body
|
|
|
What is the underlying cause of laryngeal collapse?
|
laryngeal cartilage
|
|
|
What are signs of laryngeal parlysis /obstruction/ collapse?
|
inspiratory stridor and stertor, increased respiratory effort, heat intolerance
|
|
|
If laryngeal parlysis /obstruction/ collapse is severe, what can it result in?
|
hypoxemia, hypoventilation
|
|
|
What are the 2 causes of tracheal bronchial collapse? What is one major form?
|
congenital and acquired; enlarged left atrium
|
|
|
What are the signs of tracheal bronchial collapse?
|
goose-honk cough, expiratory wheeze, increased respiratory effort
|
|
|
What can tracheal bronchial collapse result in if severe?
|
hypoxemia, shunt, hypoventilation
|
|
|
How can you treat tracheal collapse?
|
tracheal stent
|
|
|
What are the drugs given in tracheal bronchial collapse?
|
cough suppressants, bronchodilators, anxiolysis
|
|
|
Why is there a cough in tracheal bronchial collapse due to enlarged left atrium?
|
upper airway irritant receptors
|
|
|
What are 2 upper airway disorders?
|
laryngeal paralysis/obstruction/collapse, tracheal bronchial collapse
|
|
|
What are 4 small airway and alveolar disorders?
|
chronic bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary edema, aspiration pneumonia
|
|
|
Which animals get chronic bronchitis?
|
dogs
|
|
|
what is chronic bronchitis obstruction due to?
|
hypertrophy of smooth muscles, fibrosis, mucus gland hyperplasia
|
|
|
What are the signs in chronic bronchitis?
|
inspiratory crackles, expiratory wheezes, cough, excitement intolerance
|
|
|
What can chronic bronchitis lead to?
|
hypoxemis, shunt, hypoventilation
|
|
|
What disease results in increased expiratory effort with prolonged expiratory time?
|
chronic bronchitis
|
|
|
What are pathneumonic in xrays in chronic bronchitis?
|
trail lines and doughnuts
|
|
|
What is COPD? What is this called in horses?
|
chronic bronchitis with emphysema; heaves
|
|
|
What animals get astham?
|
cats
|
|
|
What is asthma?
|
small airway hyper-responsive inflammatory condition
|
|
|
What are 3 causes of asthma?
|
Obstruction via smooth muscle constriction and hypertrophy, bronchial wall edema, mucus gland hyperplasia
|
|
|
Why does asthma cause coughing?
|
stimulation of irritant receptors in lower airways
|
|
|
What are the signs of asthma?
|
cough, wheeze, loud breathing, dyspnea, open-mouth breathing
|
|
|
What can asthma cause?
|
shunt
|
|
|
In which disease do you see prolonged expiratory phase with increased effort and air trapping?
|
asthma
|
|
|
Where does fluid accumulate in pulmonary edema?
|
interstitium and alveoli
|
|
|
What are the 4 cauases of pulmonary edema?
|
Increased vascular hydrostatic pressure, Decreased plasma oncotic pressure, Increased vascular permeability, Impaired lymph drainage
|
|
|
What signs do you see with pulmonary edema?
|
tachypnea, cough, increased inspiratory and expiratory effort and inspiratory crackles
|
|
|
What can pulmonary edema cause?
|
hypoxemia, shunt
|
|
|
What does stimulation of J receptors cause?
|
dyspnea, tachypnea
|
|
|
Why does aspiration penumonia cause pulmonary inflammation?
|
toxicity, chemical damage, drowning
|
|
|
What signs does aspiration pneumonia cause?
|
acute onset respiratory distress, dyspnea/tachypnea, inspiratory and expiratory cracles and wheezes and cough
|
|
|
What is the #1 cause of anesthetic mortality?
|
aspiration pneumonia
|
|
|
What do pleural space disorders result in if severe?
|
atelectasis
|
|
|
What do pleural space disorders result in if chronic?
|
pleuritis
|
|
|
What should the difference between EtCO2 and PaCO2 be?
|
<5mmHg
|
|
|
What is pulmonary hypertension due to?
|
increased LA pressure, increased pulmonary blood flow, or increased pulmonary vascular resistance
|
|
|
What is pulmonary atery systolic pressure?
|
>25mmHg
|
|
|
How do you treat pulmonary hypertension?
|
pulmonary vasodilators
|
