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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the CSs of colic? (6)
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What 4 bits of initial advice should be given to the O over the phone?
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What are the 3 types of colic?
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What should be considered in hx taking of the colic case? (10)
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What should be done in the initial exam of a colicy horse? (5)
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What should be done for abdominal auscultation?
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What are the most common findings on colic rectal exam? (6)
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What should be assessed for an abdominocentesis?
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What should be included for colic haematology? |
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What are the key areas on an abdominal colic U/S and what can be found on each side?
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RHS - liver, duodenum, jejunum, right colon, caecum LHS - stomach, spleen, left kidney, left colon, jejunum |
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How does colic in the donkey differ?
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Impaction colic most common. Lots of RP fat so use spinal needle for abdominocentesis. |
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Describe equine dysautomnia (grass sickness).
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Horses will have a tucked up greyhound appearance. Dx based on CS +/- biopsy. |
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What is Haematopinus asini?
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Found in the mane, tail, fetlock and pastern. |
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What is Werneckiela equi? Was Damalinia
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Biting louse that feeds on epidermal debris. Found on dorsolateral trunk, side of neck, shoulders. More common in younger animals. |
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What is Chorioptes equi?
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Found on distal limbs, particularly heavily feathered horses. More common in winter. Intense pruritus and stamp feet. |
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What is Psoroptes equi?
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What is Trombicula autumnalis?
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Papules w/small orange/red larvae in centre. Face, distal limbs, ventral thorax, abdomen. |
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What is Onchocerca cervicalis? |
Worse in spring and summer. Face, neck, ventral chest, abdomen, poss ocular lesions. Tx - Ivermectin |
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Describe Habronaemiasis.
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Flies lay larvae in skin or wounds causing ulcerative nodules in spring and summer. There is granulation tissue with yellow granules. Tx - Ivermectin, corticosteroids |
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Describe Oxyuris equi.
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Dx with CSs and tape test. |
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What is urticaria?
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Easy to recognise, hard to find cause. Rule out food and insects. Tx - corticosteroids, antihistamines. |
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Describe dermatophilosis.
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Lesions crusty with moist mats of hair. Back, gluteal area, face, neck, extremities. Dx - cytology Tx- topic a/b if mild, systemic if worse |
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What is bacterial folliculitis?
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Painful lesions. Dx - C&S Tx - topical if mild, systemic if worse. Strep sens to penicillin, but culture Staph to find out what to use |
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Describe warbles.
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There are nodules with a central pore which the larvae breathe from. Often painful. Tx by enlarging the pore and removing surgically. |
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Name the 7 sinuses of horses. |
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What clinical signs are seen when sinuses are affected? |
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What is the difference between 1ry and 2ry sinusitis? |
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How is sinusitis dx? |
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What is tx for 1ry sinusitis? |
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What is tx for 2ry sinusitis due to dental disease? |
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What are the surgical approaches to the paranasal sinuses? |
Trephination or bone flap. Do under sedation and local anaesthetic if possible - cheaper and avoids GA risks. Use GA if patient not compliant. |
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Describe ethmoid haematomas. |
Can extend into sinuses from ethmoid region.
Tx- surgical removal. Recurrence common, lots of blood may be lost. |
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Describe a paranasal sinus cyst. |
Uncommon, unknown cause. Fluid filled - yellow, viscous fluid. Most common in young and can distort bony architecture.
Can also occur in the sinus. |
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What is suturitis? |
Periostitis of suture lines between frontal and nasal bones, due to trauma. Bilateral, firm, non-painful swellings. Regress with time on their own. |
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Describe intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate. |
@ intense exercise. SP displaces dorsally = expiratory obstruction. Due to vagus/hypoglossal n., thyrohyoideus m., inflammation. Tx - sx (success 65%) or get fit, change noseband/bit, tx inflammation. |
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Describe persistant dorsal displacement of the soft palate. |
Permanently displaced - often 2ry to epiglottic entrapment, inflammation or sub-epiglottic cyst. Tx -
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Describe nasopharyngeal collapse or dysfunction. |
Collapse occurs in foals - dysphagia. Dynsfunction - lateral/dorsal walls of pharynx collapse (yearling/2yo). May resolve if mild. Worsened by neck flexion. |
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What is RLN? |
Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Unilateral paralysis of left arytenoid cartilage. Progressive loss of n. fibres in l. recurrent laryngeal n. → atrophy of laryngeal mm. part. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (cannot ab/adduct) Large breeds (months to 10yo) |
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How is RLN diagnosed? |
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How is RLN tx? |
Depends on grade -
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What could 4 causes of right sided laryngeal paralysis be? |
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What could 4 causes of bilateral laryngeal paralysis be? |
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Describe defects of the 4th branchial arch. |
Right-sided laryngeal paralysis. Rostral displacement of palatopharyngeal arch = assymetry w/variable ability to abduct arytenoid cartilage. |
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What is VCC? |
Vocal cord collapse (+/- RLN). Bilateral, in juveniles. Respiratory noise, associated w/ADAP. |
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What is ADAF? |
Axial displacement of the ariepiglottic folds. Juvenile TBs. Associated with IDDSP and VCC w/ possible arytenoid collapse. |
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What is epiglottic entrapment? |
Subepiglottic tissue entraps epiglottis +/- IDDSP. Respiratory disease +/- poor performance. Not always necessary to rush into tx if still performing well. |
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What is arytenoid chondroitis? |
Mucosal ulceration → infection of arytenoid cartilage. Progressive and causes respiratory obstruction. Young TBs, older mares. |
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What is a premature foal? |
Foal born <320d with immature characteristics.
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What is a dysmature foal? |
a full term foal born with immature characteristics. |
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Describe the colostrum needs of foals. |
They are immunocompetant at birth but immunologically naive. Specialist enterocytes absorb Igs by pinocytosis - their life span is 24h an maximum absorption occurs within 8h. Foals need 1l in the first 6h of life. |
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What are the levels of passive transfer? |
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How is FPT diagnosed? |
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What are consequences of FPT? |
Immediate risk = septicaemia but this is dependent of other factors e.g. stress, hygiene 1-4mo risk = respiratory infections or joint sepsis. |
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What is expected of a newborn foal? |
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What are clinical signs of neonatal septicaemia? |
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What is SIRS in a foal? |
Vasoactive inflammatory mediators lead to vasodilation.
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What is perinatal asphyxia syndrome? (PAS) |
Ischaemic disease w/oedema and reperfusion injury to brain, kidneys, intestines and other organs. May not be noticed until 24-48ho. Biggest sign = hypoxic encepalopathy.
Prognosis ok if sepsis <11. Tx - antibiotics, care of eyes, prevent self-trauma, diazepam for seizures. |
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Describe a ruptured bladder in the foal. |
Congenital possible but usually due to xs P during parturition. Most common in colts - signs in 2-3d.
Dx - CSs, post-renal azotaemia, hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, hyperkalaemia. Check creatinine is higher in abdominal fluid than in plasma. Manage medically first until stable, then surgery - prognosis good. |
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Describe neonatal isoerythrolysis. |
Genetic haemolytic anaemia from 24ho. Dx - detect Ab on RBC w/Coombs test. Tx -
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What is equine proliferative enteropathy? |
Lawsonia intracellularis - 3-11mo
Dx - U/S, hypoproteinaemia, PCR of faeces Tx - erythromycin/rifampin - oxytet if no response. |
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Describe ragwort poisoning. |
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepatotoxic - usually ingested from bales, not fresh.
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Describe Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort) poisoning. |
Cause primary photosensitisation. Used in 'immune boosters' so avoid. |
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What is pastern and canon leukocytoclastic vasculitis? |
Immune complex condition in horses on pasture with yellow flowers. Medial and lateral photosensitive lesions on canon bones - respond to being kept out the light. |
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Describe Heracleum mantegazzianum poisoning (Giant Hogweed). |
Noxious weed with no specific signs but oral irritation and ulcers. |
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What is Sorghum poisoning (Milo/Sudan Grass)? |
Cause chronic cyanide poisoning (not in UK). Bladder paralysis occurs in exotic countries. |
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What is Nerium oleander poisoning? |
Ornamental plants containing cardiac glycosides. D+, melaena, cardiac arrythmias, DEATH in minutes. |
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What is Hypochoerus radicata poisoning? |
Acts as neurotoxin causing hyperflexion. Can cause persisting neurological deficits. Found in poorly maintained yards. |
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Describe Atropa belladonna poisoning. (Deadly Nightshade). |
Atropine signs - mydriasis, shiveri/m. spasms, tachycardia, dry MM and colic. Most often due to drug overdose. |
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Describe poisoning by Pterydium aquilinum (Bracken Fern). |
Thiaminase activity = B1 deficiency. Anorexia, cardiac dysrrhythmias, crouched, wide stance, arched neck, incoordination, convulsions, opisthotonus and death. BCS = poor, heart enlarged. Tx - thiamine q12h im if possible. |
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Describe acorn and oak poisoning. |
Contain tannins. Peracute/acute/sudden death with prior colic, s/c oedema on pelvic limbs and ventral body, tenesmus, h+ d+. Poisoning rare- doesn't affect every horse. Dx - urinary phenol content Tx as for medical colic |
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Describe hemlock and water hemlock. |
Purple blotches on stem - flowers contain alkaloids. Nicotine-like action -
Tx - purgative and tannic acid |
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Describe Yew or Taxus baccata poisoning. |
Evergreen, small yellow flowers, red berries - contain alkaloids.
Tx usually futile. |
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Describe ergot poisoning or rye grass staggers. |
Trembling, unsteady, incoordination, anxious behaviour. Associated w/endophyte infected plants (fungi) producing toxin Lolitrem B. |
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Describe fescue toxicosis. |
Caused by fungi Acremonium coenophialum. Causes problems in pregnant mares and unborn foals.
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What does blue-green algae do? |
Cyanobacteria found in natural water courses. Fatal within minutes.
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Describe lead poisoning in horses. |
Found in paint, batteries. 500-750g = acute death. Chronic =1-7mg/kg/day for weeks/months.
Tx - remove source, chelation therapy, high dietary Ca |
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Describe arsenic poisoning in horses. |
Rare - horse found dead. Can rarely be chronic - colic, dysentery, organ damage and skin damage. PM - gastroenteritis, organ necrosis, found in blood, hair |
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Describe mercury poisoning in horses. |
Rare - horse found dead. See body hair loss, weight loss, multiple organ failure. Found in urine, hair and kidney. |
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Describe iron poisoning in horses. |
Usually iatrogenic overdose. Sudden death within minutes Depression, jaundice, disorientation, coma. Tx futile - they will die. |
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Describe selenium poisoning in horses. |
Supplement overdose - salt licks. See epithelial damage, loss of hair and loss of hoof wall. |
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Describe fluorine poisoning. |
Water pollution or fluoridation. Abnormalities of teeth and hard to dx. |
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Describe metaldehyde poisoning in horses. |
Found in slug pellets - signs can appear <1h Sweating, salivation, restless, incoordinated, m. spasms, hyperaesthesia, tachycardia, respiratory failure. Tx - gastric lavage, sedation, IVFT, reduce stress. |
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Describe strychnine poisoning. |
Found in rodenticides - kill in 3-10 minutes. Rapid seizures → death. No tx. Found in liver and kidney PM. |
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Describe mycotoxin poisoning. |
Mouldy corn disease - B1 toxin of Fusarium spp. Blindness, ataxia, head-pressing, circling, hyperexcitability, seizures, recumbency, death. Remove contaminated feed, supportive therapy, vitamin B1 and sedation. Prognosis poor. |
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Describe warfarin poisoning in horses. |
Rodenticide or used for navicular disease. Infinite in-vitro clotting time, petechiae, occular bleeding and haematomas. Vitamin K1 injections, avoid stress and blood sampling. |
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Describe amitraz poisoning in horses. |
Rapid onset of signs - alpha adrenergic agonist. Impaction colic, depression, incoordination. Wash if skin, IV fluids, tx colic. Ingested - yohimbine, atipamezole, flunixin |
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Describe monesin/salinomycin toxicity. |
Peracute - haemoconcentration, hypovolaemic shock, death 2-3h Acute - colic, d+, sweat, stiff, m.weakness, 1-5d Chronic - arrythmias, CHF, tachycardia, pericardial effusion, poor performance. No antidote - give fluids and keep quiet. |
