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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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list the bones in the axial skeleton
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skull, ribs, sternum, xiphoid process, vertebrae, sacrum
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list the bones in the appendicular
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clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals,
phalanges, os coxae, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals. |
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List the bones in the Pectoral girdle
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clavicle and scapula
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List the bones in the Pelvic girdle
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two os coxae
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What is the difference between the pelvic girdle and the bony pelvis
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Pelvic girdle = two os coxae only (appendicular skeleton)
Bony pelvis = two os coxe plus sacrum (appendicular and axial skeleton) |
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What is a Bony Features
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can be considered either as prominences
(roughened bony lumps for muscle attachment) or holes (to allow structures to pass through). they can be the site of muscle attachment, or contribute to an articulation, others may allow structures such as nerves or blood vessels to pass through. Some features may have clinical importance due to their prominence through skin |
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What does Prominences include:
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Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, spine, process, condyle, head.
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What does Holes include
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Foramen, fossa, fissure, sulcus, and meatus
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What is a Fossa
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A shallow depression
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WHat is a Tuberosity
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Rounded projection
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What is a Trochanter
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Large Projection
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What is a Foramen
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A opening
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What is a process
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Projections or
outgrowths |
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What is the elbow joint called
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Humeroulnar
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What is the wrist joint called
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Radiocarpal
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what is the hip joint called?
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Coxal
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What is the ankle joint called?
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Talocrural
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What is the joint called between the tarsals?
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Intertarsal
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WHere does bone tissue originate from?
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Mesenchyme
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What is bones intracellular material?
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Water, Organic and Inorganic matrix
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What are the cells present in bone
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Osteogenic (develops into osteoblast) Osteoblast (forms bone matix) Osteocytes (maintains bone tissue) Osteoclast (breakdown of bone tissue)
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What is found between the inner portion of periosteun
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Osteogenic cells
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What is the mature bone cells that maintain bone metabolism
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Osteocytes
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What are the bone types?
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Compact or cancellous
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What is compact bone?
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forms the external surface of all bones and mainly the shaft highly organised haversian systems
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what are the layers of compact bone?
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Periosteum, Endosteum, osteons, Lamella
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What is the cavitys between the lamella called?
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lacunae containing Osteocytes
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How does the osteocytes get nurtience
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from the blood vessels in the central canal diffusing through the bone
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Why is collogen laid down the way it is?
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For very strong strength
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What are the forces that can be put on a bone?
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Tensial, Shear and Compressive
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What gives the bone ablity to withstand a tensial or shear force?
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Collagen
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What gives the bone the ability to withstand a compressive force
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Hydroxyapetite
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What is a tensile force?
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Pulling outwards
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What is a compressive force?
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The bone is pushed from either end
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What is cancellous bone?
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Spongy bone. Its larges spaces are filled with red marrow where red blood cells are produced. It has trabecula to help withstand varying angles of force
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What are the bones classification shapes?
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Long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid
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In longbones what is the order of stucture from proximal to distal
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Proximal epiphysis diaphysis and distalepiphysis
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What is found in the medullary cavity?
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Yellow marrow
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What is the bone arrangement for flat short irregular and sesamoid bones?
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covered in periosteum Cancellous bone is sandwiched between compact bone with bone marrow between the trabeculae
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What is the responsibility's of red and yellow bone marrow?
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Red is for red blood cell production and hematopoietic myesenchymal tissue (bloodcell) and Yellow appose tissue as energy reserve
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What is the process for flat bone production?
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Intramembranous Ossification
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3 dimentanal bones such as long bone go through what productions
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Endochondral ossification. A cartilage model is what is used then is degraded and replaced
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What are the two skeleton tissue types at 8 weeks old?
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Fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage
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In endochondral ossification what turns the cartilage cells into osteoblasts
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A nutrient artery which then the osteoblast makes the matrix to form cancellous bone trabeculae
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Where does a secondary ossification site start?
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at each end of the bone (between the diaphysis and epiphysis)
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What happends to the eppiseal plate when you finish growing?(ossify)
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It becomes a plate and there will be no futher growth
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Whats the meaning of a dark line in a bone on a xray compared to a light line?
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A dark line means it is soft tissue (cartilage) so it is a PLATE. The light line indicates it is bone tissue so it is a LINE
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How many bones in the body?
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206
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How does a bone grow
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In width and length
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What is bone remodeling?
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Replacing extracellular matrix and replacing old bone with new bone.
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What are the three joints of the elbow?
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Humerulna Humeroradial and proximal radioulna
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What are the functions of articulations?
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movement, transmission of forces allow growth between structures
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What is a composite joint?
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Have soft tissue extras
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WHat are fibrous joints?
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United by collagen can be either long or short for movement
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synarthortic fibers mean?
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No movement
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Amphiarththoric fibers mean
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slightly movable
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What are the three fibrous joints?
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Sutrues (short) gomphosis (fits into sockets) syndesmosis (slightly movable)
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What are Cartilagenous joints?
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Joined by a cartilage pad no movement can be either hyaline or fibocartlage
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What are synovial joints?
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Joined by connective tissue capsual which is filled with fluid freely movable
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What are the features of a synovial joint?
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Synovial fluid and membrane
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What does the synovial membrane do?
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Lines the inner capsule and secretes synovial fluid into joint cavity
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What does the synovial fluid do
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lubricates the joints surface and hydrates the articulate cartilage
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What are some features on a synovial joint that assist in stablising the joint?
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accessory ligaments articular discs bursa and tendon sheaths
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WHat is a freely movable joint called?
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Diarthrosis (all synovial joints)
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What are the movements on a sagital plane?
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Medial to lateral
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What are the movements on a coronal plane?
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Anterior to posterior
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What are the movement s on a horizontal plane?
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Superior to inferior
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What happends with a uniaxial joint?
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Gliding. Hinge Pivot
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What happends with a biaxial joint
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condyloid or ellieposid or saddle 2
possible axes and therefore move in two planes. |
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What types of multiaxial joints
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Ball and socket 3 axes and move in 3 planes
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What is an axis?
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An axis is a line around which the movement of a joint is centred
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Which bone does not articulate with any other bone?
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Hyoid
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Name the articulation (joint) found between bones Parietal and Occipital what is its structural
classification and how much movement does the articulation have? |
Articulation Parieto-occipital (lambdoid)
Classification Fibrous – suture Movement None – it is functionally classed as an immovable joint |
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The articulation (#12), found between the parietal and frontal bones, is named by the
standard anatomical plane it runs in; can you name it? |
Coronal suture
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What are paranasal sinuses? Can you see any in these radiographs?
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Spaces within bone
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paranasal sinuses what do you think makes up their
contents? |
Air
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With which cavity that opens externally are the paranasal sinuses continuous?
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Nasal cavity
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What do you think the role of the paranasal sinuses might be in humans?
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Voice resonance, lightens skull
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How many phalanges are in each digit?
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3 in digits 2-5, 2 in thumb (digit 1)
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How are the metacarpals numbered (i.e. lateral to medial or medial to lateral)?
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Lateral to medial
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Locate the clavicle, state the bone it attaches to medially and laterally and name each joint.
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Medial Bone Sternum Joint name Sternoclavicular
Lateral Bone Scapula Joint name Acromioclavicular |
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Both of these joints allow uniaxial movements such as gliding or pivot, therefore these
joints are structurally classified as what type of joint? |
A synovial joint
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Which 3 bones comprise the “hip bone”?
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Pubis, ilium, ischium
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Name the articulation that joins each os coxa to the sacrum.
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Sacroiliac joint
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Name the articulation that joins the two os coxae anteriorly
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Pubic symphysis
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How many phalanges are in each digit?
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3, 2 in big toe
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How are the metatarsals numbered (i.e. lateral to medial or medial to lateral)?
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Medial to lateral
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In the anatomical position, the ankle is in what position?
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neutral
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How do the shapes of the upper two ribs, lower two ribs and the 'in between' ribs differ from
each other? |
Upper 2 = flattened horizontally, short
Middle = flattened vertically, longer Lower 2 = flattened vertically, short |
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How are the ribs numbered?
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1-12 from superior to inferior
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The spaces found between each of the ribs are called what?
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Intercostal spaces
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Intercostal spaces
6) How are they numbered? |
The same number as the rib above
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The sternum comprises three parts; name them in order from superior to inferior
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1. Manubrium
2. Body 3. Xiphoid process |
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The junction between mandibrim and body above is a very important surface landmark; what is its
name? |
Sternal angle (manubrio-sternal joint)
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Sternal angle (manubrio-sternal joint)
10) To which vertebral level does it correspond |
T4/5
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Ribs that attach directly to the sternum are
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Ribs 1-7 Sternocostal (true ribs)
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Ribs that attach nowhere directly are...
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Ribs 11, 12 no
anterior attachment Vertebral (floating) |
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Ribs that attach INdirectly to the sternum
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Ribs 8, 9, 10 attach
via costal cartilage Vertebrochondral ribs (false ribs) |
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What are the joints called where the ribs join the sternum
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Synchondrosis costochondral joints. Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
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Which component of the bone tissue is missing in the decalcified bone?
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Calcium - Inorganic
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Calcium - Inorganic
Name the crystals that make up this missing component |
Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
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If you burnt a bone, which matrix component would be destroyed and what properties
would the bone then have? |
Burn organic (collagen, proteins, cells & ground substance). Inorganic left is very brittle
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Which cell type is responsible for making the organic matrix of bone?
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Osteoblasts and to some extent osteoclasts (in formed bone)
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What is the role of the articular cartilage, and why is synovial fluid important to articular
cartilage? |
Smooth, low friction surface, synovial fluid acts as a lubricant
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What type of tissue is found at an epiphyseal plate?
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Cartilage
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As you move from standing to sitting, what movements take place at the hips, knees and
ankles? |
Hips Flexion
Knees Flexion Ankles Slight dorsiflexion |
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Place your palm on your lower back. Describe the positions of the shoulder, elbow and
forearm. |
Shoulder Hyperextended
Elbow Flexed Forearm Supinated |
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Can you name any synovial (freely movable) joints that can circumduct?
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Shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangpeal , ankle
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The vertebral column can be viewed to show 4 slight curvatures in which plane can they be found
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Sagittal
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Why do secondary curvatures develop?
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As infants begin to hold their head up (cervical) and stand upright to walk (lumbar
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What is the term used for curvatures in a frontal plane. Are they normal
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Scoliosis – not normal
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The medial bulge at your ankle is an extension of your
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tibia
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The functional unit of the skeletal muscle fibre is the
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sarcomere
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According to sliding filament theory, myofilaments slide over each other, causing the overlapping of
actin and |
myosin
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A motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it supplies is called a
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motor unit
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Which is the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle?
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epimysium
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The muscle used to wink is the
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orbicularis occuli
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What is the major action of the muscles contained within the posterior compartment of the thigh?
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knee flexion
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Where is the line of pull for the triceps brachii muscle?
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posterior
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Which of the following lever systems always results in mechanical advantage?
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the load located between the fulcrum and the effort.
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The main muscle of arm abduction is the
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deltoid
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Which of the following vertebrae has foraminae on its transverse processes?
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C5
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Which of the following is a canal-like passageway in bone
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meatus
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What is the action of the following:
Gluteus maximus? |
Extension of the thigh at the hip
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What is the action of the followingGluteus medius?
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Abduction of the thigh at the hip
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What is the action of the following:
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Abduction of the thigh at the hip
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Why are muscles placed between the ribs instead of using a simple connective tissue
membrane? |
For expansion of rib cage (thoracic cavity) i.e. ribs move upward and outward, in inspiration
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Which way does theDiaphragm muscle move when it contracts
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Downwards
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Which of these muscles is nicknamed the 'six pack'?
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Rectus abdominus
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Muscles of facial expression do not cross joints, so what do they move?
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Skin
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What bone do the muscles of mastication move?
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Mandible
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Which position of the elbow is the most efficient for biceps to operate? (
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90 degrees
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What is the main role of the patella?
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Increases mechanical advantage
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Why is plantarflexion so much more powerful than dorsiflexion?
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Bigger muscle and mechanical advantage (attachment of muscle is further from joint axis)
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What does nueromuscular interaction do?
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Produces movement in response to somatic nerve impulses.
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What does nervous system do in muscle action?
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Tension/contraction in the muscles
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Do muscles push or pull?
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They can only pull
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How do muscles make movement?
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By pulling on the skeletons segments to shorten the muscle
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What are the different muscle contractions?
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Concentric, isometric and Eccentric
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What is concentric contraction?
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Shortening of the muscle to produce movement agents resistance
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What is isometric contraction?
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Holding or maintaining muscle length
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What is eccentric contraction
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Lengthening of the muscle to control movement
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What are the different lever systems
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Fulcrum or Axis, Load and effort
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What is load?
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Resistance to movement could be stretch or weight
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What is effort?
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Tension of muscles effect from gravity
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What is a first class lever?
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The fulcrum or axis is in th middle
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What is a second class lever?
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The load is in the middle
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What is a third class lever?
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the effort is in the middle
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What is a mechanical advantage?
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When the effort is located futher from the axis than the load is always in first and second class levers
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What type of contraction when the load is equal to effort
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Isometric contraction
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What type of contraction if the load is greatr than the effort
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Concentric contaction
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What type of contraction is it when the Effort is larger than the load
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Essentric contraction
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What is a fusiform muscle good for?
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range of speed and motion
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What is a pennate muscle good for?
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Power
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What is a circular muscle good for?
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Enclosing
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