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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bidirectional Influences
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Influences that function in two directions ex. environment can effect a child and the child can also effect their environment |
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Cohort effects
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effects that result from a group of people growing up at a particular time
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Gene expression
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The expression of certain genes can activate or deactivate a gene that codes for a certain characteristic or even a disorder.
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Teratogens
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Environmental factors that can affect prenatal development ex. alcohol and fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Proliferation
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When the neurons begin to develop in the fetus in great numbers
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Zone of proximal development
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Phase when children want to learn a new skill but aren't successful at it yet.
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Scaffolding
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The assistance parents provide their children with when the child is learning. It gets removed gradually as the child becomes more competent |
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Assimilation
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when a child will try to fit new information into their current understanding of information related to the new information
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Accomodation
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When children modify their current understanding to include the new information
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Imprinting
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Newborn animals will begin following the first moving object near their nest. This ensures that the babies are being taken care of and are protected from predators
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Habitiuation
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When you don't respond to a stimulus because it is harmless. The strength of your behavior decreases as well as your levels of serotonin |
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Sensitization
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When you respond to a stimulus because it is uncommon and most likely dangerous or irritating. The strength of your behavior is increased along with your serotonin levels
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Operant
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The behavior done to receive an award
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Shaping
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Reinforcing behaviors that are close to the desired behavior until the animal performs the desired behavior
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Biological preparedness
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The fact that we are evolutionarily predisposed to fear certain stimuli more often than others
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Sensory memory
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Information enters via the senses and remains for a very short period of time until it is transferred to short term memory
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Short Term Memory
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Information can last about 5 to 20 seconds in short term memory without rehearsal. It is also called working memory because it is where we process or think about information before it can be transferred to long term memory
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Maintenance rehearsal
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Simply repeating information over and over
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Elaborative processing
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When we link stimuli to something else in a meaningful way that helps us understand it
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Chunking
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Pairs pieces of information together in ways that make them easier to understand. This process can help us retain information in our short term memory for a longer period of time
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Primacy Effects
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Remembering things that you saw first
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Recency Effects
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Remembering things that you saw most recently
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Semantic Memory
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Part of explicit long term memory Things that we consciously know about the world |
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Episodic Memory
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Part of explicit (conscious) long term memory Recall of events |
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Procedural Memory
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Part of implicit(can't deliberately recall) long term memory Memory for motor skills and habits |
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Context dependent learning
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The external context in which the material was learned is the place where the person will be most likely to remember it
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Tip of the tongue phenomenon
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When someone is experiencing this they might know the first letter of the word they are trying to think of or how many syllables it contains
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Hippocampus
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The part of the brain that has been found to help take short term memory and store it in long term memory
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Retrograde Amnesia
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Inability to remember things from the past
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Anterograde Amnesia
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Inability to form new memories
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Schemas
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knowledge structures that we have stored in our memories
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Gist
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The basic meaning or context of information you are given
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Source monitoring
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Unconscious mental test that we perform to determine if a certain piece of information we remember is real or from some other source like a movie or a dream
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Flashbulb memory
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Memories that are so vivid that people appear to recount them in remarkable detail
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Infantile Amnesia
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Humans cant usually remember anything that happened to them before they were at least 3 1/2 years old This could be due to the underdevelopment of the hippocampus, lack of self awareness, or the inability to understand events well enough to encode them into long term memory |
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Mental age
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The age you are relative to your intelligence
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Deviation IQ
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How much your IQ deviates from the norm (100)
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General Intelligence
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The overall score you get on an intelligence test Crystalized intelligence + fluid intelligence |
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Multiple Intelligences
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Intelligence that consists of multiple abilities and styles
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Fluid intelligences
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When we find new ways to solve problems or solve problems we haven't seen before
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Crystalized intelligences
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Knowledge that we have accumulated over time
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Stereotype Threat
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The fear that we may confirm a stereotype
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In what ways do we change physically during adolescence?
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We tend to grow in many ways some of which are: Pubic hair growth, genital growth, height increase |
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Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development
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Parents will provide scaffolding to their children so they can learn something new but children will only learn when they are in the zone of proximal development
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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Proposed that cognitive change is a result of a child's need to achieve equilibration or a balance between their experience of the world and their understanding of it
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What is the first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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Sensorimotor stage - Birth to 2 yrs The child does not have object permanence or cannot understand that if something is covered up it is still there even though they cannot see it |
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What is the second stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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Preoperational Stage- 2 to 7 yrs They have object permanence but are egocentric and cannot perform mental operations |
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What is the third stage of Piaget's cognitive development?
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Concrete operational- 7 to 11 yrs They are no longer egocentric and can perform mental operations but struggle with abstract thinking |
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What is the fourth stage of Piaget's cognitive development?
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Formal Operations Stage- Adolescence Children can perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now and begin to think about abstract questions |
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What are some criticisms of Piaget's theory?
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Development is more continuous than stage-like Children can complete the tasks earlier than Piaget thought (task demand) Some tasks are culturally biased Some adults and adolescents cannot perform formal operational tasks |
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What are some other tests (besides Piaget's) that evaluate an infant's and child's cognitive development?
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Impossible task and looking time: Mouse behind the screen High amplitude sucking task: alertness equals more sucking sally ann doll task |
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Why do adolescents appear to be lacking in impulse control?
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Their frontal lobes aren't fully developed
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What changes occur in cognitive function during adulthood?
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Ability to recall things declines after age 30 processing speed decreases with age Free recall ability declines -What did you eat for dinner vs. did you have this for dinner (1st is harder to remember as we age) |
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What is temperament?
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Basic social, emotional, and behavioral style
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What is attachment?
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a strong emotional connection we share with those we feel closest to
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How is attachment assessed?
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The Strange Situation Procedure
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What are the four different types of attachment?
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Secure: Seeks comfort from the mother upon her return Insecure anxious: the child is unsure whether or not the mother will provide comfort Insecure Avoidant: Child ignores the mother because she was never available to provide comfort Disorganized: children who have mixed behaviors |
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What is the most important aspect of the method used to test attachment?
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The most important aspect of the Strange Situation test is how the child responds to the mother upon their reunion
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What do psychologists infer from the attachment test?
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The attentiveness of the parent to the child or that the child's temperament will influence how the attentive the mother is
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What occurred during Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys?
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they were able to use observational learning to make the monkeys afraid of snakes both real and stuffed but were not able to make them fear flowers
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What are the four different parenting styles?
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Permissive-high support and low control Authoritative-High support and high control Authoritarian- Low support and high control Uninvolved- low support and low control |
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What are some differences and similarities between families with same-sex and opposite-sex parents?
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They are the same in all aspects except for the fact that families with same sex parents carry a stigma that can have a negative affect on the child's well being
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What is gender identity?
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your sense of being male or female |
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What are gender roles?
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Stereotypical behaviors associated with being male or female
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What did Kohlberg say indicates your level of morality?
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He would read the participants a scenario and determine by their reasoning not their answer what type of moral development they have reached
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What is classical conditioning?
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Training people to respond to a previously neutral stimulus in the same way as another stimulus it has been paired with that elicits an automatic response
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What is operant conditioning?
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Learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavior. The organisms behavior is shaped by what comes after the behavior
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Neutral Stimulus
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Stimulus that elicits no response
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Unconditioned stimulus
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Stimulus that elicits an automatic response
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Unconditioned Response
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Reflexive response that results from the unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned Stimulus
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the neutral stimulus after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus many times
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Conditioned response
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Response that the neutral stimulus elicits after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus many times
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Extinction
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The process by which the conditioned response is lost
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What are some similarities between operant and classical conditioning? |
Both have pairing
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What are some differences between operant and classical conditioning?
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Classical: the response is elicited automatically, the consequence is provided unconditionally, autonomic nervous system is used Operant: response is voluntary, consequence is contingent on behavior, uses skeletal muscles |
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Positive Reinforcement
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uses pleasant rewards to increase the frequency of a positive behavior
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Negative reinforcement
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Occurrence of a behavior is increased by removing an unpleasant stimulus
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Positive punishment
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any stimulus that repressed a behavior
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Negative punishment
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removal of a stimulus in response to an unwanted behavior so that behavior will be decreased
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What did Watson do in his study with Little Albert?
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He classically conditioned him to fear fuzzy animals
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What did Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrate?
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It confirmed that people can also learn through observational learning
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What are the three memory systems?
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Sensory Short Term Long Term |
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What are the three memory processes?
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Attention encoding retrieval *rehearsal |
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What did Karl Lashley's study with rats demonstrate?
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He found that making the lesions in the rats brains did not effect their entire memory so he concluded that memory is stored in many parts of the brain
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Is it easy or difficult to implant false memories?
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Difficult
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Is eyewitness identification accurate?
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No it is subject to source monitoring errors and others can influence how you remember things
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What is Spearman's general intelligence theory?
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He said that general intelligence formed the bedrock from which all other mental abilities formed He said intelligence has two factors: General intelligence and specific abilities that are part of your general intelligence (whole pizza w/4 slices) |
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What is Sternberg's multiple intelligence theory?
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He said that there are 3 distinct types of intelligence (3 pizzas)
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What is Gardner's multiple intelligence theory?
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Says there are 8 frames of mind which are completely separate from each other (8 pizzas)
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What was the eugenics movement?
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Encouraged people with good genes to reproduce and those with bad genes to not reproduce because they wanted to have a smarter population
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How is IQ measured today?
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IQ tests
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What can IQ scores predict?
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Academic success, occupation, and job performance
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How were the first real intelligence tests developed?
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They wanted to measure overall thinking ability so they tested how well one can think abstractly
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Why were the first real intelligence tests developed?
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The first real intelligence tests were made to assess children in school so those who need extra help could get what they needed
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What do twin and adoption studies tell us about the heritability of IQ?
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IQ is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors
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