Mod 2 Final

Front 1

round shaped bacterial

Back 1

cocci

Front 2

rod shaped bacteria

Back 2

bacilli

Front 3

oval shaped bacteria

Back 3

coccobacilli

Front 4

organism can be inhibited by serum drug concentrations

Back 4

susceptible

Front 5

organism cannot be inhibited by drugs

Back 5

resistant

Front 6

drug factor that relies on the intact immune system

Back 6

bacteriostatic

Front 7

drug factor that doesn't rely on the intact immune system

Back 7

bactericidal

Front 8

term that means the suppression of certain bacteria = increased potential resistance

Back 8

collateral damage

Front 9

interaction between 2+ agents that results in a greater-than expected effect

Back 9

synergism

Front 10

interaction between 2+ agents that results in a less-than expected effect

Back 10

antagonism

Front 11

Penicillin, cephalosporin, B-lactamase inhibitor, carbapenems, monobactams

Back 11

B-lactams, which inhibit cell wall synthesis

Front 12

MOA of penicillins? Can you take them with food?

Back 12

lysis of bacterial cell. All except amoxicillan cannot be taken with food

Front 13

AE of penicillin?

Back 13

hypersensitivity

Front 14

Penicillin G, Penicillin V. Do they have a narrow or broad spectrum of activity?

Back 14

natural penicillins. Narrow spectrum

Front 15

Nafcillin, Dicloxacillin. Do they have a narrow or broad spectrum of activity? Other note-worthy feature?

Back 15

Antistaphylococcal penicillins. Narrow spectrum and penicillinase-resistant

Front 16

Ampicillin, Amoxicillin. Do they have a narrow or broad spectrum of activity? Other noteworthy features?

Back 16

Aminopenicillins. Broad spectrum and penicillinase sensitive

Front 17

Ticarcillin

Back 17

carboxy penicillin

Front 18

Piperacillin

Back 18

Antipseudomonal penicillins

Front 19

Most common mechanism of bacterial resistance to penicillins?

Back 19

B-lactamase production

Front 20

Functions of B-lactamase inhibitor combinations?

Back 20

extends the spectrum of coverage: gram -/+ aerobes, gram - anaerobes, and now B-lactamase-producing organism

Front 21

Cephalosporins AE, metabolism, side chain?

Back 21

Hypersensitivity and a 10% cross reactivity with penicillins. 40% metabolized by liver. MTT side chain prolongs the prothrombin time

Front 22

Cefazolin, Cephalexin. Work against what gram bacterial?

Back 22

1st generation Cephalosporins. work against gram + bacteria

Front 23

Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime axetil

Back 23

2nd generation Cephalosporins

Front 24

Do cephamycins ony work against aerobes?

Back 24

No, also have anaerobic coverage

Front 25

Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone. What's unique about Ceftazidime?

Back 25

3rd generation Cephalosporins. Ceftazidime is an anti-pseudomonal agent

Front 26

Cefepime. What does it cover?

Back 26

4th generation Cephalosporin. Covers gram +/- and anaerobes

Front 27

Imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem. Spectrum of activity? AE?

Back 27

carbapenems. Broadest spectrum commercially available. May cause hypersensitivity rxns or seizures

Front 28

Aztreonam. What does it cover?

Back 28

monobactam. moderate to excellent activity against gram - aerobes

Front 29

Vancomycin. Spectrum of activity? AE? Half life?

Back 29

glycopeptide. Narrow spectrum: only covers against gram -. May cause hypersensitivity, Red Mans Syndrome, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity. PO absorption is very low; half life = 5 hours - days

Front 30

High exposure to which drugs can damage mammalian tissue?

Back 30

protein synthesis inhibitors

Front 31

Which drug classification undergoes chelation (decreased absorption when taken orally with divalent or trivalent cations?

Back 31

Tetracyclines

Front 32

Doxycycline? AE? dose-adjusted?

Back 32

Tetracycline used to inhibit protein synthesis of bacteria. AE = phototoxicity NOT DOSE-ADJUSTED

Front 33

Aminoglycosides must be administered how? Are they metabolized? dose-adjusted? Work against what? AE?

Back 33

systemic infections must be treated with parenteral therapy. Not metabolized. DOSE-ADJUSTED for renal impairment. Work against gram - aerobes. AE = nephro/oto toxicity

Front 34

Are macrolides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? How are erythromycin and azithromycin metabolized? Contraindications?

Back 34

bacteriostatic. erythromycin is extenzively metabolized (possible drug interractions via cytochrome P450), and azithromycin is not metabolized. contrain = hypatic dysfunction

Front 35

Clindamycin has what spectrum of activity? AE?

Back 35

gram + and anaerobes. AE = pseudomembranous colitis

Front 36

Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, clindamycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, linezolid, chlorampenicol

Back 36

protein synthesis inhibitors

Front 37

Quinupristin is used for what kind of infections?

Back 37

multi-drug resistant gram + infections

Front 38

Linezolid oral absorption? Spectrum of activity? AE?

Back 38

PO = 100%. Used against multi-drug resistant gram + orgamisms. AE = tyramine diet restriction

Front 39

Co-trimoxazole? MOA? protein binding? AE?

Back 39

sulfa drug. MOA = inhibits DNA, RNA, and protein production. Very highly protein bound. AE = dermatologic (photosensitivity and rash), HIV pts, and drug fever.

Front 40

ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, trovofloxacin, gatifloxacin, mofloxacin, gemifloxacin. Spectrum of activity? AE? Contraindications?

Back 40

floroquinolones. work against very broad agents including anaerobes. AE = prolonged QT interval and phototoxicity. Contrain = pregnancy, nursing mothers, and children under 18

Front 41

which classification of drugs is the most highly abused?

Back 41

floroquinolones

Front 42

Which drugs are associated with increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture?

Back 42

floroquinolones

Front 43

What is the spectrum of activity for metronidazole? AE?

Back 43

only works against anaerobes. AE= avoid the use of alcohol disulfram-like reaction)

Front 44

Amphotericin B MOA? Spectrum of activity? AE?

Back 44

Antifungal agents. Broadest spectrum of activity. MOA = binds to ergosterol. AE = immediate fever, chills, spasm, vomiting, headache, hypoTN. slower toxicity can cause renal impairment

Front 45

Flucytosine: dose-adjusted? AE?

Back 45

DOSE-ADJUSTED in renal dysfunction. AE = result from 5-FU metabolism; bone marrow toxicity, LFT changes, and toxic enterocolitis

Front 46

Amphotericin B and Flucytosine?

Back 46

Antifungal agents.

Front 47

ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole? AE? Which interacts with CYP450? Which has the lowest effect on hepatic enzymes?

Back 47

Antifungal imidazoles (ket) and triazoles. Ket has greater affinity for P450. Itra has less affinity for P450. Flu has low drug interactions because of low effect on hepatic enzymes. AE = immediate rash, VF disturbances, and increased hepatic enzymes

Front 48

Caspofungin, Griseofulvin, Terbinafine, Nystatin. What are they for? PO or IV? Which ones cause oral candidiasis? hepatitis? increased LFT? Which ones are used for dermatophytosis? onychomycosis?

Back 48

Antifungal echinocandins. Used as salvage therapy and for invasive aspergillosis. IV only.

G- only used for systemic tx of dermatophytosis. AE = hepatits
T- used for onychomycosis. AE = increased LFT
N- AE = oral candidiasis

Front 49

Foscarnet, gangciclovir, valgangciclovir, cidofovir, fomivirsen

Back 49

antiviral agents

Front 50

foscarnet is used against which virus? AE?

Back 50

cytomegalovirus. AE = renal insufficiency and electrolyte disturbances

Front 51

what is a big problem with using ganciclovir? AE?

Back 51

resistance is a big problem. AE = myelosuppression, retinal detachment

Front 52

is Valganciclovir administered PO or IV? Cidofovir? AE of cidofovir?

Back 52

V = PO only
C = IV only. AE = dose-dependant nephrotoxicity

Front 53

What is a big problem with using formivirsen?

Back 53

cannot be taken with alternative therapies

Front 54

Acyclovir, valacyclovir, famcyclovir, penciclovir, trifluridine.

Back 54

antiviral agents used to treat primary or recurrent herpes attacks or as suppressive therapy

Front 55

Interferon Alfa. AE What drug does this work synergistically with?

Back 55

antiviral agent that treats Hep B and Hep C. AE = flu-like symptoms. Works with Ribavirin

Front 56

amantadine, rimantadine.

Back 56

antiviral agents

Front 57

zanamivir, oseltamavir. AE?

Back 57

antiviral agents that work against influenza A and B. AE = GI effects (N&V)

Front 58

Briefly explain malaria: where do organisms grow and what happens to RBCs? Which species is the most common / most deadly?

Back 58

organisms grow in the liver. RBCs fill with protozoa and BURST! = fever. Most common species is P. falciparum

Front 59

99% of malaria treatment are used how? Features?

Back 59

They're used in the prophylaxis of malaria and are either chloroquine-resistant or chloroquine-sensitive

Front 60

Atovaquone, chloroquine, doxycycline, hydroxychloroquine, mefloquine, primaquine,

Back 60

antimalaria drugs

Front 61

Which antimalaria drug is started 1-2 days before travelling and ended 7 days after return? Contraindications?

Back 61

Atovaquone. Contrain = severe renal impairment

Front 62

Which antimalaria drug is started 1-2 weeks before travel, weekly during the trip, and 4 weeks after return? Contraindications?

Back 62

chloroquine. Contrain = retinopathy and worse psoriasis

Front 63

Which antimalaria drug is used for dormant liver malaria bugs? Contraindications?

Back 63

primaquine. Contrain = G6PD-deficiency

Front 64

Which antimalaria drug could cause psychosis, depression, and encephalopathy?

Back 64

mefloquine

Front 65

Which antimalaria drug may cause photosensitivity and GI side effects?

Back 65

doxycycline

Front 66

Metronidazole, iodoquinol, pentamidine, quinine / quinidine, pyrimethamine / proguanil

Back 66

protozoal infection medication

Front 67

Which protozoal infection medication fights pneumocystis jiroveci in AIDS patients? AE?

Back 67

pentamidine. AE = hypoTN, tachycardia, dizziness, dyspnea, pancreatic toxicity, hypoglycemia

Front 68

AE of metronidazole?

Back 68

disulfram-like rxn with alcohol

Front 69

What is the main problem with quinine and quinidine? AE?

Back 69

toxicity. AE = tinnitus, VF defects, QT prolongation, Blackwater fever

Front 70

Albendazole, ivermectin, mebendazole? AE of ivermectin? Is mebendazole IV or PO?

Back 70

helminthic medications. AE = Mazotti rxn. Mebendazole is a chewable PO because there's only 10% absorption otherwise

Front 71

permethrin, malathion?

Back 71

antilouse medications (ivermectin also useful for scabies)

Front 72

MOA of antacids? Place in therapy? AE?

Back 72

MOA = neutralize gastric acid by raising the intragastric pH
PIT = adjunctive therapy for pain relief, not GERD
AE = constipation (Al), diarrhea (Mg), gastric distention and belching (CO2)

Front 73

Which two molecules react with HCl to produce CO2?

Back 73

Na bicarb and Ca carbonate

Front 74

cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine? MOA? How much acid secretion is inhibited? Half life?

Back 74

H2 antagonists. MOA = inhibit histamine receptors on parietal cells of gastric mucosa. Inhibits 60-70% of total gastric secretion and is especially effective at night. Half life depends on the dose (OTC has shorter half life than Rx)

Front 75

drug interactions of cimetidine? Place in therapy?

Back 75

DI = interferes with CYP450 pathways and endocrine effects
PIT = treatment of DU, GU and GERD

Front 76

Lansoprazole, omeprazole, esomeprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, dexlansoprazole. Administration limitations? DI?

Back 76

proton pump inhibitors. Must give on an empty stomach since food decreases absorption by 1/2. They inhibit both fasting and meal-stimulated gastric secretions. DI = might decrease the efficacy of clopidegrel

Front 77

metoclopramide? MOA? AE?

Back 77

prokinetic agent. MOA = cholinergic stimulation. AE = extra pyramidal syndrome and sedation

Front 78

What is the drug regiment for H. pylori?

Back 78

2 antibiotics, and 1 acid reducing agent

Front 79

AE, Administration limitations, and DI (effects on other meds) of laxatives?

Back 79

AE = esophageal/intestinal obstruction
AL = must take with water
DI = will decrease the effects of other meds

Front 80

psyllium, methylcellulose, polycarbophil, malt soup extract. AE?

Back 80

bulk-forming laxatives. AE = dependency

Front 81

Senna, bisacodyl

Back 81

stimulant laxatives

Front 82

lactulose, sorbitol

Back 82

osmotic laxatives

Front 83

Docusate sodium, docusate calcium

Back 83

stool softners

Front 84

loperamide, diphenoxylate + atropine, opium tincture? MOA? Contraindications? AE?

Back 84

antiperistaltic antidiarrheals. MOA = inhibits GI peristalsis
Contrain = traveler's diarrhea, pseudomembraneous colitis
AE = constipation

Front 85

Kaolin-pectin, polycarbophil, attapulgite, methylcellulose, psyllium

Back 85

adsorbent antidiarrheals

Front 86

prochlorperazine? MOA? AE?

Back 86

phenothiazine (antiemetic agent). MOA = dopamine antagonist. AE = sedation and extrapyramidal / anticholinergic symptoms

Front 87

ndansetron, granisetron, dolastrone. AE?

Back 87

serotonin antagonists (antiemetic agent). AE = constipation.

Front 88

Dimenhydrinate, scopolamine. AE?

Back 88

antihistamine/ anticholinergic agents (antiemetic agent). AE = dry mouth, blurry vision, sedation

Front 89

simethicone

Back 89

anti-foaming agent (anti-flagulent)

Front 90

fat soluble vitamins?

Back 90

KADE

Front 91

this vitamin plays an important role in vision and functions as an antioxidant. What name is given to its form in animal products vs fruits and vegetables? How is it absorbed? Overdose?

Back 91

vitamin A. Animal products contain preformed vitamin A, fruits and veggies contain provitamin A carotenoid. It is absorbed as retinol. Too much Vit A = birth defects, liver abnormalities, reduced bone mineral density, CNS disorders. Too much carotinoids turns the skin yellow

Front 92

Which vitamin is involved in protein and RBC metabolism and allows the CNS to function efficiently? What foods contain it? What patients need this as a supplement? Overdose?

Back 92

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). Found in fortified foods. Supplement for patients on INH to treat TB. Too much Vit B6 causes nerve damage

Front 93

Which vitamin is bound it protein in food? DI?

Back 93

Vitamin B12. Interacts with proton pump inhibitors and H2 antagonists

Front 94

Which vitamin functions as an antioxidant, antiHTN, antiviral, immunomodulator? Overdose?

Back 94

Vitamin C. Too much Vit C causes bladder / kidney stones

Front 95

Which vitamin can be obtained through food or UV light? What is its most active form? What is its physiologically active form? It increases the absorption of which two minerals?

Back 95

Vitamin D (most active form is calciferol). physiologically active as 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D. Increases Ca and (P) absorption

Front 96

function of vitamin E?

Back 96

antioxidant

Front 97

Calcium absorption ___________ as the amount of calcium consumed at a meal increases

Back 97

decreases

Front 98

High intake of fluoride causes what condition?

Back 98

dental fluorosis

Front 99

This mineral is important in oxygen transport. 2/3 body content is found where? Deficiency?

Back 99

Iron found in hemoglobin. Deficiency causes GI side effects

Front 100

Which mineral supports a healthy immune system?

Back 100

zinc