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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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describe the normal cx?
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-3cm
-enters and lies @ right angles to the vagina -point of jucture w/ uterus is the isthmus -tightly closed until delivery |
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explain incomplete cervix?
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-u/s more accurate that digital exam
-dialates prematurely in the absence of labour contractions -mucous plug may be lost resulting in breif episode of vaginal bleeding -w/ second or 3rd trimester bleeding, EV should be done w/ caution(2cm) -V or U or y shaped defect at the internal os sonographically |
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what is normal and abnormal cervical length?
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normal>3cm
borderline2.5-2.cm abnormal<2.5vcm |
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what are the congenital causes of incomplete cervix?
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-uterine malformations
-exposure to diethylstilbestrol(DES) in utero |
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what are the aquired causes of imcomplete cervix?
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all related to trauma:
-conization -D&C -difficult deliveries |
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what are some abnormal findings of the cervix?
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<2.5cm
-bulging membranes -prolase of cord -fetal parts in cx |
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when the fetal head is to low to see the cx, what should be done?
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-trasperineal, or endovaag
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what are the limitations of transabdominal sonography?
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-bladder too full
-bladder too empty -cervix obscured |
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explain the accuracy of the types of sonographic ways to view the cervix?
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Transvaginal: most accurate
Translabial: moderately accuate; rectal gas may interfere Transabdominal: least accurate |
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what may cause a flase positive for normal cx?
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-overdistended bladder
-lower uterine contratction |
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cervical clecage
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when a suture is placed in the cervix if incopetence is recognized in the 2nd trimester
-prevents further dialation and erits pregnancy to continue |
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what is normal to see post clercage? Abnormal?
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normal:
-several bright echoes wighin the cervical muscle Abnormal: -if funneling extends beyond clecage |
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what is another name for cervical cleclage? what are the surgical techniques?
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aka purse string sutures
surgical techniques: -mcdonold -scirodkar |
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what shape will a short cx be compared to a long one?
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short cx=straight
long enough=curved |
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review images in callen ch 18
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also table 18.1-how to measure a cx, and rumack fig. 49.17
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how does the cx open?
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from internal os to external os
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differentiate btw dialation and effacement?
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dialation-opening of endocervical canal
effacement-length of remaining cx |
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what is the problem w/ an hourglass cx?
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no remaining cx
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what are some congenital causes of incompitent cx?
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bicornuate, septate, arcuate, etc.
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after how many births is a cervical clercage done?
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2 preterm births in canada
3 preterm births in the states clercage doesn't work for twins |
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what is conization?
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cone biopsy done; may lead to incompetant cx
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when membranes are bulging, what shape does it cause the cx to be?
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Y, V, or U
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how do you better determine if there is a prolapsed cord?
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put color on
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If you can't see the cx transabdominally, what should you do first? then what?
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use a sector transducer
-translabial -endovag |
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if a cx is funelling, how should you measure it?
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measure cx length, effacement, and dialation
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