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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Event related designs are are close as possible to |
standard lab-based experiments of task switching |
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Downing et al. (2001) found that |
the extrastriate area is sensitive to the presentation of a human body |
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Function-to-structure deductions: Conditions 1 and 2 produce qualitatively different patterns of brain activity in different areas (difference in the intensity of neural activity), then |
conditions 1 and 2 differ in at least one function |
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Function-to-structure deductions: Conditions 1 and 2 produce no qualitative difference of brain activity, or there is only a quantitative difference |
it does not favour the theory OR the null Null result |
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The location of activity does not matter for The context (read: experimental situations) is relevant for |
function to structure deductions |
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The location of activity does matter for The context (read: experimental situations) is not relevant for |
structure-to-function deductions |
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Structure-to-function deductions require |
stronger assumptions need to implicitly accept the null hypothesis of no reliable difference in activation across two experiments - can't accept a null effect The same regions are involved in the same functions in all contexts |
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Gardiner & Java (1990) |
Low frequency words enhanced 'remember' responses, but had no effect on 'know' responses Whereas non-words increased 'know' responses, but had no effect on remember responses This supports dual-process theories |
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Dual-process theories suggest that |
there are two seperate memory systems: one supporting 'knowing' and one supporting 'remembering' But, single process theories can also explain the data |
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Henson et al. (1999) |
Reveals a double-dissociation of two experimental manipulations with different effects on two dependent variables Qualitively different patterns of brain activity associated with different subjective experiences to stimuli Supports dual-process theory |
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Single process view |
One process underlying familiarity & recollection 'Remember' responses just reflect stronger memories than 'know responses |
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Dual process view |
Two separate memory systems: one supporting 'knowing' and one supporting 'remembering' |
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Lavie (1995) |
fount a compatibility effect - how much the distracting incompatible letter influenced performance |
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With high load, there is a _________ compatability effect |
reduced |
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With low load, there is a __________ compatibility effect |
increased |
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Yi et al (2004) |
Used structure to function deduction: Early selection posits attention acts as a filter, minimising perceptal encoding of unattended stimuli - high load reduces neural representation of distractors - reduced PPA activity Late selection posits attention blocks conscious awareness of unattended stimuli - low load leads to PPA actiity |
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Stroop (1935) |
congruency effect - longer response time for incongruent stimulus |
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Gratton et al. (1992) |
when the congruency on the previous trial is taken into account, there was no difference between congruent and incongruent trials when the previous trial was incongruent. But when the previous trial was congruent, if the current trial was congruent the response time would be lower, but the response time would be higher when the current trial was incongruent |
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Botvinnicket al. (2001)the conflict monitoring account of the gratton effect |
On incongruent trials, conflict is registered. This triggers more cognitive control resources to be deployed on the next trial Incongruent trials are dealt with better due to this enhanced cognitive control, this means faster RTs |
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Egner & Hirsch (2005) - does cognitive control boost activation levels of the stimulus, or inhibit activation levels of the distraction? Pps looked at faces |
When the previous trial was congruent (low control mode), there was a decrease in RT for congruent current trials, and a increase in RT for incongruent current trials When the previous trial was incongruent, there was no difference in RTs Found increased activity in the FFA in high control mode (previous trial incongruent, current trial incongruent) Supports the dea that control works by activation of relevant information, not by inhibiting irrelevant information |
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Meiran (1996) explicitly cued task switching paradigm |
suggests that there is inhibition in task switching |
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Mayr et al. (2005) |
significant activation of the left frontal corex when inhibiting in task switching |
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Dreher & Berman (2002) event related fMRI study of task switching in healthy controls. Compared ABA sequences to CBA sequences, with a 20 second gap in between. |
Significantly more activation in the rDLPFC (found in all subjects) and the occipito-temporal junction (less reliable), between ABA sequence and CBA sequence, during inhibition trials compared to control trials. Suggests that the DLrPFC is the area responsible for inhibition in task switching, supporting MAyr (2005) - inhibition of distractions is what drives control, rather than activation of relevant information |
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Goals of Functional Neuroimaging |
Localisation of function within the brain Use of neuroimaging data to shed light on cognitive theory |
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Hyothetico-Deductive Method |
A proposed description of scientificmethod. According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that could conceivably be falsified by a test on observable data. |
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Pyramidal neurons underlie the |
EEG signal |
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What hypothesis explains blindsight with reference to the ancient 'reptilian' route? |
Retinotectal hypothesis |
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Which cortical area is essential for attential orienting (Chambers et al., 2004)? |
Right angular gyrus |