Mobile Earth Pgs 1-37 Test

Front 1

rocky skin of the Earth, upper 100 km of Earth

Back 1

lithosphere

Front 2

where plates meet, either moving toward, sliding past, or moving away from each other

Back 2

plate boundaries

Front 3

composed of ultramafic rocky materials, denser than crust, causes plates to move

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mantle

Front 4

found in boundaries or interiors of plates, consist of a line of dormant volcanic features that ends abruptly in a single spot of active volcanism

Back 4

hot spots

Front 5

dramatic system of mountains resulting from ocean spreading between continental fragments

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mid-ocean ridges

Front 6

plates slide past each other. type of strike-slip fault, usually crossing the Mid-Ocean Ridge at a right angle, offsetting one segment of the Ridge from the next

Back 6

transform faults

Front 7

the descent of one plate beneath the other

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subduction

Front 8

molten rock underground

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magma

Front 9

chain of volcanic islands over a subduction zone. Arc is bowed toward the subducting plate

Back 9

island arcs

Front 10

where the ocean plate bends before sinking

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ocean trench

Front 11

doctrine that geologic processes have acted in the same regular manner throughout geologic time

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uniformitarianism

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first to give Earth a birthdate, 4004 BC. believed Earth was big ball of molten that cooled off

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Archbishop Ussher

Front 13

doctrine that sudden violent natural events are the chief agents for modifying Earth's crust

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catastrophism

Front 14

people who think Earth's crustal rocks were deposited by water

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Neptunists

Front 15

father of modern geology, discovered unconformity in rocks, gradualism (constant change)

Back 15

James Hutton

Front 16

discontinuity in rock layers, where one type of rock changes abruptly to another

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unconformity

Front 17

traced rock units across country, finding same fossils in diff areas.Noticed each layer had evolution of same fossil

Back 17

William Smith

Front 18

Earth is in continuous, gradual change, constantly decaying, renewing and repairing itself

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gradualism

Front 19

Rocks arranged into a vertical sequence, youngest being ontop

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stratigraphic column

Front 20

wrote Principles of geology, advocated uniformitarianism

Back 20

Charles Lyell

Front 21

early theory that the continents moved across the Earth's surface. replaced by plate tectonics (seafloor-spreading)

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Continental Drift

Front 22

Ancient supercontinent that included S America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and India

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Gondwana

Front 23

supercontinent of 300 million years ago that included most of Earth's landmasses

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Pangea

Front 24

any rock formed by evaporation, usually of salt water in a landlocked basin

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evaporite

Front 25

magnetic properties, lodestone

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magnetite

Front 26

study of measurement of the Earth's magnetic field from ancient rocks

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paleomagnetism

Front 27

a line connecting continents and magnetic poles. provided proof that continents move relative to poles and to each other

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polar wander curve

Front 28

In certain periods of time, Earth switched it's magnetic polarity

Back 28

magnetic reversal

Front 29

pattern that revealed long, zebra-like stripes of normal and reversed magnetic polarity in the basaltic ocean floor that alternated in a symmetrical fashion on either side of the ridge axis

Back 29

magnetic anomaly

Front 30

circulating convection currents under the ocean floor causes molted rock to ooze up beneath mid-ocean ridges as the seafloor spreads away to each side

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seafloor spreading

Front 31

increase in depth reflects the descent of oceanic crust. Descending slab creates inclined zone of earthquake foci

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Benioff Zone

Front 32

major distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. adjacent to ocean trenches surrounding Pacific Ocean. Melting of Benioff Zone creates this

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Ring of Fire

Front 33

the descent of one plate below another

Back 33

subduction

Front 34

Theory that Earth's lithoshpere is made up of seperate pieces, plates, which migrate over the plastic mantle layer

Back 34

Plate Tectonics

Front 35

the plastic semisolid layer of Earth below the lithosphere

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asthenosphere

Front 36

results from continental blocks subsiding like the keystone of an arch, forming a steep wall. aka graben (non-marine sediments and basalt lava flows accumulate

Back 36

rift valley

Front 37

rift valleys that fail to open into oceans because spreading isn't successful. Become buried but are still active, causing earthquakes

Back 37

failed rifts

Front 38

Located in East Africa. Divergent plate boundary

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Great Rift Valley

Front 39

lithospheric plate forming from Great Rift Valley. Future plate

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Somali Plate

Front 40

Great Rift Valley, Somali Plate, and wide deep valley in Red Sea form this. (three arms of rift system) Example-Afar Triangle

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triple point

Front 41

Arid rift in Kenya and Tanzania. Causes evaporation as fast as the lakes fill

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Eastern Rift

Front 42

mineral often formed by evaporation and found in saline lake residue; major source of sodium compounds

Back 42

trona

Front 43

A volcanoe that is white. results from ash which contains sodium carbonate. then rain crystalizes it

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Ol Donyo Lengai

Front 44

chemistry ofa base. compounds produced from an antacid tablet are this. Magma form is rich in sodium, poor in silica

Back 44

alkaline

Front 45

common rock salt - sodium chloride. From evaporated hot dry air

Back 45

halite

Front 46

a calcium carbonate mineral deposited where groundwater is exposed to air. usually at hot springs, and in caves as stalactites and stalagmites

Back 46

travertine

Front 47

located on opposite side of Tanzania craton (ancient rocks) climate is wet unlike E Rift

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Western Rift

Front 48

deep, flat region of the ocean floor extending outward from the base of a continental slope

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abyssal plain

Front 49

first observation of mid-ocean ridges. SW of of the Azores.

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Project FAMOUS

Front 50

basalt drapes the valley slopes in bulbous flows called

Back 50

pillow lavas

Front 51

found in the East Pacific Rise, discovery of ribbed hollow pillars testified past presence of these

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submarine lava lakes

Front 52

region in Iceland that has had frequent eruptions since 1975

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Krafla

Front 53

formed when rising magma encounters waterlogged land and flash-heats the groundwater into steam which then explodes through overlying ground like a popping bubble

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pseudocrators

Front 54

Volcanoe that errupted with most lava in history. caused lava lakes and shortage of everything

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Lakakigar

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Lake that has lots of diatoms in it (free floating algae).

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Lake Myvatn

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death of diatoms create this on the lake floor. mined as polishing and filtering agent

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diatomite

Front 57

town with two volcanoes. known for fishing. Old volc- Helgafell. New- Eldfell

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Vestmannaeyar

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Precambrian

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Oldest Eon. 545-4600

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Proterozoic

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Youngest Eon in Precambrian. 545-2500

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Archean

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Middle Eon in Precambrian. 2500-4000

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Hadean

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Oldest Eon in Precambrian. 4000-4600

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Phanerozoic

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Youngest Eon. Longest Eon. .01-545

Front 63

Paleozoic

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Oldest Era in Phanerozoic. 245-545

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Cambrian

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Oldest Period in Paleozoic. 505-545

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Ordovician

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Above Cambrian in Paleozoic. 438-505

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Silurian

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Above Ordovician in Paleozoic. 408-438

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Devonian

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Last horizontal period in Paleozoic. 360-408

Front 68

Carboniferous

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First left block in Paleo. 286-360

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Mississippian

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Lowest right block in Paleo. 320-360

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Pennsylvanian

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Above right block in Paleo. 286-320

Front 71

Permian

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Above Side by side blocks. last in paleozoic. 245-286

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Mesozoic

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Middle Era. 66-245

Front 73

Triassic

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Oldest period in Mesozoic. 208-245

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Jurassic

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Middle period in Meso. 144-208

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Cretaceous

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youngest period in meso. 66-144

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Cenozoic

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Youngest era. 0-66

Front 77

Tertiary

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First left block period in ceno. 1.6-66

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Carboniferous

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First left block in Paleo. 286-360

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Mississippian

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Lowest right block in Paleo. 320-360

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Pennsylvanian

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Above right block in Paleo. 286-320

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Permian

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Above Side by side blocks. last in paleozoic. 245-286

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Mesozoic

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Middle Era. 66-245

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Triassic

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Oldest period in Mesozoic. 208-245

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Jurassic

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Middle period in Meso. 144-208

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Cretaceous

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youngest period in meso. 66-144

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Cenozoic

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Youngest era. 0-66

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Tertiary

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First left block period in ceno. 1.6-66

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paleogene

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First right block period in ceno. 23.7-66

Front 89

neogene

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Last right block period in ceno. 1.6-23.7

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Paleocene

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Oldest epoch in paleozoic. 57.8-66

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Eocene

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above paleocene in paleozoic. 36.6-57.8

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Oligocene

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youngest epoch in paleo. 23.7-36.6

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Miocene

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Oldest in Neogene. 5.3-23.7

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Pilocene

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Youngest in Neo. 1.6-5.3

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Pleistocene

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Oldest in quaternary period. .01-1.6

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Holocene

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Youngest epoch. 0-.01

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Quaternary

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Youngest period. 0-1.6