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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Forebrain Structures
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Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus
Telencephalon: Cortex (neocortex), Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus, Amygdala |
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Telencephalon
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Arises from lateral bulging at lateral terminalis from prosencephalic vesicle
Ventricles expand and telencephalic structures form C shape Within the lateral fissure is part of neocortex that is tethered to basal ganglia (strong connection)In |
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Thalamic Sulcus
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Sulcus limitans continutation in the diencephalon
Separates thalamus from hypothalamus Extends to interventricular foramen of monroe? |
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Olfactory Bulb
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Outbulge from telencephalon
Induction from neural tube and olfactory placode (placodes induce neural tube to bulge) |
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Hypophysis Formation
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Diencephalon gives off neural lobe of hypophysis (neuroectoderm of developing hypophysis)
Remaining comes from endoderm of roof of mouth called rathke's pouch |
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Insula
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Burried deep within the lateral sulcus
May be important in integration and higher order cognition and affect |
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Diencephalon
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Under the Corpus Collosum
Thalamus Hypothalamus (master gland) Subthalamus (basal ganglia) Epithalamus (pineal gland) |
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Frontal Lobe Functions
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Motor control
Motor programming complex behaviors |
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Parietal Lobe Functions
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Somatosensory system
sensory integration/processing Skilled movement |
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Temporal lobe
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higher order auditory and visual processing, learning and memory
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Occipital lobe
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Visual
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Hippocampus
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Has same structure as ventricle system
Most is in temporal lobe, but axon connections continue rostrally as it gets pulled with ventricle system |
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SHH expression
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Floor plate continues forward and SHH heavily expressed in hypothalamic regions
Also high in lamina terminalis- eventually becomes connection between telencephalon and diencephalon, eventually contributes to corpus collosum and anterior commissure |
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FGF 8 expression
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Commissural plate in telencephalon- Contributes to development in corpus collosum
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BMP and Wnt
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Expressed by cortical hem: in midline of the two hemispheres and extends dorsally
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Lamina Terminalis
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Associated with basal ganglia
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Paleo Subpaleo border
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Below is subpaleum (nuclear organization)
Dorsal is paleum (laminar organization) Paleum and cortex are interchangeable |
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Thalamus
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Superior to hypothalamus, inferior to fornix and corpus collosum
Organized into medial and lateral tier of sub nuclei: Medial: interact with medial structures (limbic) Lateral: major connection with neocortex (anterior region interacts with anterior neocortical regions) Functions: Sensory relay center to cortex |
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Hypothalamus
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Superior to optic chiasm, inferior to thalamus
Lateral, medial and periventricular zones Afferent connections: fornix (hippocampus), stria terminalis (amygdala), Ventral amygdalafugal bundle (amygdala) Efferent Connections: widespread Functions: autonomic, viscerosensory: receptors for temperature, regulates anterior pituitary, endocrine (release oxytocin) Bilateral damage to medial zone: hyperphagia |
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Subthalamus
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Inferior to Thalamus, Caudal to Hypothalamus
Output for basal ganglia Regulation of motor and functions associated with basal ganglia Lesions create hemiballismus |
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Epithalamus
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Caudal end of thalamus
Pineal gland (contains pinealocytes)- regulate cicadian rhythm via production of melatonin from seratonin Pinealomas: depression of gonadal function, delayed puberty Loss of pineal cells: precocious puberty Pineal cells have inhibitory influence on gonadal formation |
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Telencephalon (nuclear vs laminar organization)
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Nuclear: basal ganglia and amygdala (ventral)
Laminar: hippocampus, cerebral cortex (dorsal) |
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Dorsal Ventral Axis of Rostral forebrain
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Regulated by SHH and Gli3 (BMP activated factor)
SHH: from floor plate, become more like subcortical structures, promotes nuclei formation Gli3: become more like cortical structures, creates laminar organization |
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Cortical Hem and pallial subpallial border
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two points where cells migrating to develop cortical areas: cells travel tangentially (parallel to pia), medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) gives rise to interneurons that leave area to give rise to layers of cortex; LGE later is involved in tangential migration and will become striatum (BG/lentiform nucleus)
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Internal Capsule
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Axons leaving the neocortex and split the lentiform nucleus (basal ganglia)
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Eye Similarities
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Neural tissue tethered to ganglionic eminence
Insula- cornea neocortex- eyelid so called the opicularcortex Basal ganglia- Lens and is called lentiform nucleus |
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Basal Ganglia (structures)
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Striatum: caudate and putamen (separated by internal capsule)
Globus pallidus: internal and external divisions Cuadate and putamen project to globus pallidus for output Substantia Nigra also considered part of basal ganglia Subthalamic nuclei |
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Basal Ganglia (functions/correlates)
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Motor control
Procedural learning Repetitive/habitual behaviors Parkinson's Huntington's Tourette's syndrome OCD |
