Mnemonic Devices

Front 1

White Matter in Spinal Cord:

Back 1

relays information spinothalmically (ascending) and corticospthamically (descending)

Front 2

Lateral horn contains cell bodies of:

Back 2

autonomic efferent fibers

Front 3

Ventral horn contains cell bodies of:

Back 3

somatic efferent neurons

Front 4

Dorsal horn contains cell bodies of:

Back 4

interneurons where afferent neurons terminate

Front 5

What do dorsal root ganglion connect and what kind of fibers do they have?

Back 5

cord and PNS; sensory

Front 6

Where is the convergence of the ventral and dorsal roots?

Back 6

spinal nerve

Front 7

What kind of fibers do ventral root ganglion have?

Back 7

motor

Front 8

Which nerves innervate the PNS?

Back 8

spinal that branch out

Front 9

Which is more dense: white or gray spinal matter?

Back 9

Gray

Front 10

What gives white matter it's color?

Back 10

Myelination

Front 11

The dorsal horn has what kind of neuronal synapses?

Back 11

sensory

Front 12

What is a ganglion?

Back 12

collection of synapses

Front 13

Pre-ganglionic cell bodies are in:

Back 13

the CNS

Front 14

Where do you find short pre-g fibers and long post-g fibers?

Back 14

SNS

Front 15

Where do you find long pre-g fibers and short post-g fibers?

Back 15

ParaNS

Front 16

Pre-g cell bodies of the SNS are found:

Back 16

between the T1 and L3 vertabrae

Front 17

Chain ganglia are also known as:

Back 17

paravertebral ganglia

Front 18

Where do pre-ganglionic fibers project from and where does it go?

Back 18

The spinal nerve and branches to the PVG

Front 19

What are the two prevertebral ganglia?

Back 19

Celiac and Hypogastric

Front 20

The ParaNS has pre-g fibers in the form of:

Back 20

cranial and sacral nerves

Front 21

Which nerves enervate the ParaNS?

Back 21

CN III, VII, IX, & X and S2-S4 spinal nerves

Front 22

What are the two major NTs of the ANS?

Back 22

ACh and NE

Front 23

What are the two types of ACh Receptors?

Back 23

muscarinic and nicotinic

Front 24

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

Back 24

Alpha (1,2,3) & Beta (1, 2)

Front 25

Tone is:

Back 25

how active one division of the ANS is in relation to the other

Front 26

pre-vertebral ganglia:

Back 26

lie outside of the PVG

Front 27

T/F: There can be more than 1 synapse at the pre-g in the SNS

Back 27

False

Front 28

What are the three possible 1st synapses in the SNS?

Back 28

Synapse at chain ganglia, synapse at distant chain ganglia and synapse at pre-vertebral ganglia

Front 29

Hypogastric and Celiac refer to:

Back 29

pre-vertebral ganglia of the SNS

Front 30

In the ANS, what is the chain of events?

Back 30

a first neuron (preganglionic) synapses on a second (post-ganglionic) onto a receptor cell (which can be another neuron)

Front 31

Which division of the ANS enervates the adrenal glands?

Back 31

SNS

Front 32

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Back 32

NE & E

Front 33

PNS cell bodies are located in either:

Back 33

the brain stem of S2-S4

Front 34

In the PNS, 1st synapses occur at:

Back 34

many, many ganglia that are very close to or directly on the target organ

Front 35

Where does the majority of ParaNS enervation originate?

Back 35

The Vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 36

Is the SNS adrenergic or cholinergic?

Back 36

Adrenergic

Front 37

In the ParaNS, where does the ACH released by the pre-g neuron bind to?

Back 37

the nACH (nicotinic ACH) receptor

Front 38

In the ParaNS, where does ACH bind to on the target organ?

Back 38

the mACH (muscarinic ACH) receptors

Front 39

Can E have both a neuronal and hormonal response?

Back 39

Yes

Front 40

What are the three possible hormone effects on a target cell?

Back 40

Membrane Effects - alters channel
permeability by acting on
pre-existing channel-forming proteins
or
Enzyme Activation - acts through
second-messenger system to
alter activity of pre-existing proteins
or
3. Activates specific genes to cause
formation of new proteins

Front 41

Alpha-1 receptor:

Back 41

vasoconstriction; slightly higher BA for NE; located on smooth muscle

Front 42

Alpha-2 receptor:

Back 42

control of synaptic transmission; regulate how much NE gets released by the pre-synaptic cell (which is where it occurs);

Front 43

Beta-2 receptor:

Back 43

vasodilation of lungs and smooth muscle; higher binding affinity for E

Front 44

Beta-1 receptor:

Back 44

increased HR and contractility; binding affinity equal

Front 45

What enzyme can be hormone-induced?

Back 45

phosphorylation enzyme (protein kinase)

Front 46

What are neurohormones?

Back 46

secretions of neurons that are released into bloodstream and act at a distant site

Front 47

Amino acid chains form what kind of hormone?

Back 47

Peptide

Front 48

Which hormone type is hydrophilic?

Back 48

Peptide

Front 49

What is the only site of action for peptide hormones?

Back 49

membrane receptors

Front 50

Which hormone type has faster cellular response?

Back 50

Peptide

Front 51

Amine hormones are a subtype of what type?

Back 51

Peptide

Front 52

What kind of hormones are thyroid hormones?

Back 52

Amine

Front 53

What is the Special property of amine hormones?

Back 53

They're non-polar

Front 54

WHat is the main method of peptide synthesis?

Back 54

The use of inactive precursor hormones and cleavage

Front 55

All cholesterol derived hormones are:

Back 55

steroids

Front 56

What is an example of angiotensin hormone synthesis?

Back 56

Angiotensin-Renin-ANG I-ACE-Ang II-target

Front 57

Where do G Proteins get their name?

Back 57

they utilize GTP (similar to ATP)

Front 58

What is a a primary messenger and what is a intracellular messenger?

Back 58

A hormone and an intracellular molecule

Front 59

What do G Proteins stimulate?

Back 59

AC or DAG

Front 60

What do AC or DAG do?

Back 60

induces 2ndary messenger (either intraC Ca2+ or cAMP)

Front 61

What are the steps in lipophilic hormone action?

Back 61

Free Hormone enters target cell, binds to hormone receptor in cell nucleus which contains a hormone response element (a piece of DNA), the HRE stimulates mRNA which then results in protein synthesis, and the protein then has a physiological response

Front 62

The anterior pituitary releases:

Back 62

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

Front 63

What is a tropic hormone and where is it usually released?

Back 63

A hormone that stimulates the production of another hormone; in the hypothalamus

Front 64

What is the stalk that connects pituitary to hypothalamus contain?

Back 64

Blood vessels and axonal fibers

Front 65

In the hypothalamus/pituitary system, what happens?

Back 65

the hypothalamus synthesizes hormones, they get moved via axons down the stalk to the pituitary which actually releases the hormone

Front 66

Which of the 2 pituitary portions is considered a single unit with the hypothalamus?

Back 66

Posterior

Front 67

What structures synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH), respectively?

Back 67

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and Supraoptic Nucleus (SON)

Front 68

The link between hypothalamus and AP is called what?

Back 68

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal
portal system

Front 69

TRH or Thyrotropin-releasing hormone does what?

Back 69

Flows from the hypothalamus to the AP to release TSH and prolactin.

Front 70

How is cortisol released?

Back 70

ACTH release is activated by the release of CRH which acts on the adrenal cortex which releases cortisol

Front 71

Temporal lobe is responsible for:

Back 71

auditory processing, speech, and memory formation

Front 72

The tropin for LH and FSH is:

Back 72

GNRH

Front 73

What hormones are released in the AP?

Back 73

TSH, ACTH, Prolactin, HGH, FSH, LH