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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Type I Diabetes characterized by?
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Absolute insulin deficiency caused by an autoimmune attack on the B cells of the pancreas
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Is genetic influence stronger in Type I or Type II diabetes?
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Type II
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What symptoms are seen in Type I diabetes?
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1. Polyuria
2. Polydipsia 3. Polyphagia 4. Fatigue 5. Weightloss 6. Weakness |
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How is the diagnosis of Type I diabetes confirmed?
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1. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) > or = to 126 mg/dl
2. Commonly accompanied by ketoacidosis |
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Which tissues are profoundly affected by insulin deficiency?
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1. Liver
2. Muscle 3. Adipose tissue |
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What are the hallmarks of untreated Type 1 diabetes?
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1. Hyperglycemia
2. Ketoacidosis |
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What causes hyperglycemia in Type I diabetes?
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1. Increased hepatic production of glucose
2. Decreased peripheral utilization of glucose |
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What causes ketosis in Type I diabetes?
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1. Increased mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue
2. Accelerated hepatic fatty acid beta oxidation 3. Ketogenesis |
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What causes hypertriglycerolemia in Type I diabetes?
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1. Liver cannot oxidize of all the fatty acids that are delivered to it, so the excess fatty acids are converted to TAGs and packaged into VLDLs
2. Low insulin levels result in low activity of lipoprotein lipase, resulting in increased plasma chylomicron |
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What is the most common complication of insulin therapy in type I diabetes?
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Hypoglycemia
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T or F
In Type I diabetes, hypoglycemia can be caused by strenuous exercise. |
TRUE
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T or F
Patients with Type I diabetes have are deficient in insulin, but not glucagon. |
FALSE
Deficiency of glucagon secretion is almost universally present four years after diagnosis. |
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When comparing symptoms associated with Type I and Type II diabetes, how does the speed of onset differ between the two diseases?
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Type I diabetes = abrupt appearance of symptoms
Type II diabetes = gradual, unobvious onset |
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What are some possible symptoms associated with Type II diabetes?
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1. Polyuria
2. Polydispia 3. Polyphagia (less common) |
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Why is diabetic ketoacidosis generally not associated with Type II diabetes?
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Insulin secretion (although not adequate) is enough to restrain ketogenesis and blunt the development of DKA
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List 3 characteristics of Type 2 diabetes.
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1. Hyperglycemia
2. Insulin resistance 3. Relative impairment of insulin secretion (dysfunction B cells) |
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What is insulin resistance characterized by?
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1. Increased hepatic glucose production
2. Decreased glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue |
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What is the most common cause of insulin resistance?
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Obesity
(Fat accumulation is important in the development of insulin resistance) |
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T or F
Most people with obesity and insulin resistance do not become diabetic. |
TRUE
In the absence of a defect in B cell function, nondiabetic, obese individuals can compensate for insulin resistance with elevated levels of insulin |
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Can insulin-resistance alone lead to Type 2 diabetes?
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No.
Type 2 diabetes develops in insulin-resistant individuals who also show impaired B-cell function |
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List 3 regulatory substances produced by adipose tissue that may contribute to the development of insulin resistance.
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1. Leptin
2. Adiponectin 3. Resistin |
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How do treatment plans for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes differ in terms of insulin requirements?
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Type 1 --> insulin is always necessary
Type 2 --> Insulin may or may not be necessary |
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List some treatment therapies used for Type 2 diabetes.
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1. Diet
2. Exercise 3. Oral hypoglycemic drugs 4. Insulin (may or may not be necessary) |
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What are some chronic complications of long-standing hyperglycemia?
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1. Premature atherosclerosis
2. Retinopathy 3. Nephropathy 4. Neuropathy |
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List 3 metabolic abnormalities of Type I diabetes.
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1. Hyperglycemia
2. Ketoacidosis 3. Hypertriglycerolemia |
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What is the healthy range for the BMI?
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18.5 - 25.0
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What are the BMI ranges that define being overweight or obese.
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Overweight = 25.1 - 29.9
Obese = >30.0 |
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Excess fat located in the central abdominal area of the body is called..?
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"Apple-shaped," android, or upper body obesity
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What risks are associated with "apple-shaped" fat distribution?
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1. Hypertension
2. Insulin resistance 3. Diabetes 4. Dyslipidemia 5. Coronary heart disease |
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How is "apple shaped" fat distribution defined?
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Waist-to-hip ration:
Women: > 0.8 Men: > 1.0 |
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Fat distribution in the lower extremities around the hips or gluteal region is called..?
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"Pear-shaped," gynoid, or lower body obesity
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Which type of fat distribution involves large amounts of visceral fat?
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Apple-shaped
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Which type of fat distribution involves large amounts of subcutaneous fat?
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Pear-shaped
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T or F
Fat cells, once gained, are never lost |
TRUE
When obese individuals lose weight, the size of the fat cells is reduced, but the number of fat cells is not affected |
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What is the function of leptin?
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Produced proportionally to the adipose mass, and informs the brain of the fat store level
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Will high levels or low levels of leptin result in efferent signals that increase food intake and decrease energy expenditure?
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Low levels
(Leptin is proportional to adipose mass) |
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How might leptin contribute to human obesity?
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Resistance to leptin (rather than deficiency) might contribute to obesity.
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What is the only known appetite-stimulating hormone?
What cells secrete this hormone? |
Ghrelin
Secreted by stomach cells |
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List 3 predominant effects of obesity.
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1. Dyslipidemia (low HDL, high VLDL)
2. Glucose intolerance 3. Insulin resistance |
