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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Women in India
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-more subjected
-repression of sexuality |
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Moanism
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-universe is one, nature is material expressions of the one
-beyond capacity of human thought -transcendence of material existence - |
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Geography of India
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-secluded=himalayas, ocean
-monsoon -protection from wanderers -water from himalayas water source |
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Indus Valley Civilization
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2300-1800 bce
-trade with mesopotamia -gradual shrivelling up of society -1 story ziggurats -bathing comes from this culture -collective baths -huge state granaries -not much known about religion -urban and mercantile society -haven't deciphered their writing |
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woman in terra cotta
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-emphatically marked sexual object
-fertility a major concern -mobile idea of human existence |
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Myth of the beginnings
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Monosiambu
-self born manu -hermaphodite born of brahma -from here there were a series of manu -vishnu warned manu of the flood -was a fish and helped anchor boat in the mountains |
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Aryans
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-broke into two groups
-not warlike in the beginning -one group spoke avets-avestia language -other spoke sanskrit -sky god-dyonus-father of aryan gods -ukroona-created world and ruled its order -mithra-god of storms -mazda-god of justice and wisdom -indra-divine warrior -ugni-god of fire -pastoral people |
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Soma
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-was a ritual drink of importance among the early Indo-Iranians, and the later Vedic and greater Persian cultures. It is frequently mentioned in the Rigveda, which contains many hymns praising its energizing qualities. In the Avesta, Haoma has an entire Yasht dedicated to it.
It is described as prepared by pressing juice from the stalks of a certain mountain plant, which has been variously hypothesized to be water, human semen, honey[1], alcohol, mead, a psychedelic mushroom, cannabis, Peganum harmala, pomegranate, Blue lotus[1], or ephedra. |
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Sacrifice
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-brough motion and life to universe
-death brings life -makes world go, motor of creation -greeks used sacrifice as a bargaining tool |
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REMEMBER
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YOUR ESSAY
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Zoroaster
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-1200 bce
-vision of shining one that brought them to mazda -are other gods but not as important -dualism-mazda is good, evil twin god destined to be in conflict -world is seen as a battlefield of gods -former divinities evil, judgment of wicked |
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Angra Mainyu
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Avestan 'angra mainyu' "seems to have been an original conception of Zoroaster's."[1] In the Gathas, which are the oldest texts of Zoroastrianism and are attributed to the prophet himself, 'angra mainyu' is not yet a proper name.[a] In the one instance in these hymns where the two words appear together, the concept spoken of is that of a mainyu ("mind", "mentality", "spirit" etc) that is angra ("destructive", "inhibitive", "malign"). In this single instance - in Yasna 45.2 - the "more bounteous of the spirits twain" declares 'angra mainyu' to be its "absolute antithesis."
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Sanskrit
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Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, had evolved out of the earlier "Vedic" form. Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Paninian" Sanskrit as separate 'dialects'
- Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, composed by many authors over centuries of oral tradition. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the Vedic corpus in the traditional compilations |
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Indin migrants
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1500 bce
-indian culture develops from synthesis of this culture -aryan knowledge comes from rig veda-hymns and songs -governed through assemblies -used fire rituals to claim land -divisions between aryan and not aryan peole-red thread |
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Unit of society of India
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-family
-patriarchial -heat, rain, keep motor running -purity, especially in women |
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Myth of Perusha
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-amplification of sacrifice of first human being
-hymn of praise -earliest reference to four social classes -sapphic stanza |
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Jati
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-is the term used to denote communities and sub-communities in India. It is a term used across religions. In Hindu society each jāti typically has an association with a traditional job function , although religious beliefs (e.g. Sri Vaishnavism or Veera Shaivism) or linguistic groupings define some jatis. A person's surname typically reflects a community (jati) association: thus Gandhi = greengrocer, Dhobi = washerman, Srivastava = military scribe, etc. In any given location in India 500 or more jatis may co-exist, although the exact composition will differ from district to district.
-Originally, the jati was effectively a system similar to guilds, and was associated with occupation. For example, as a general rule goldsmiths, carpenters and barbers form separate communities. Most communities with a significant number of members are divided into sub-communities. -ramified social structure -part of hinduism |
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Rigveda
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-part of the vedas
-is an ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns dedicated to the gods (devas). It is counted among the four canonical sacred texts (śruti) of Hinduism known as the Vedas,[2] and is revered by Hindus around the world. Its verses are recited at prayers, religious functions and other auspicious occasions, putting it among the world's oldest religious texts in continued use. It is also one of the oldest texts of any Indo-European language. -very ancient songs about harnishing and unleashing -themes of open space and freedom -jungle feels like place of no escape -fears expressed -emphasis on preciousness of animals -praise of horses -wish for knowledge, inspiratino, immortality -importance of proper performance of ritual -power of sun/heat/fertility |
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Indra
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warrior god
-kills demon dragon -released waters -symbolic of aryans breaking down dams to reach indus valley civilization -motif of liquid breaking out of confinement |
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microcosmos
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-sacrificed horse=micro
-rest of the world=macro -order is sustained, generated, and perpetuated through sacrifice |
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brahmanism
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-inner sacrifice
-shift to less killing -end of need to be pastoralist -development of innter self |
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Brahman
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-power, life, supreme reality
-not a god but life ielf |
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Brahmadyn
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asking of enigmatic questions
-importance of inner sacrifice -aporphea-no way to go orward -patron of sacrifice-undergoes second birth-creation of inner world |
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atman
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-not exactly a soul
-self-inner fire of human being -eternal self -about the inner fire of people -In Buddhism, the misplaced or inappropriate belief in ātman is the prime consequence of ignorance, which is itself the cause of all misery and the foundation of saṃsāra. |
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sannyasin
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-believed in discipline and self denial
-lived in forests -didn't believe in brahman -labor on inner self -wore red -did yoga, controlled breathing to induce change of consciousness |
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Upanishads
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-to sit next to a teacher who could guide you
-focus on inner rather than outer space -involves meditation -uhm=noise of world -knowing and understanding leads you to bliss |
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samsara
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-continuous process of rebirth
-karma -helped create caste system hegemony - Saṃsāra is associated with suffering and is generally considered the antithesis of nirvāṇa or nibbāna. |
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Moksha
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-liberation from cycle of rebirth
-accessibility is illusion -Moksha is seen as a final release from one's worldly conception of self, the loosening of the shackle of experiential duality and a realization of one's own fundamental nature which is true being, pure consciousness and bliss (satcitananda) an experience which is ineffable and beyond sensation |
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fig-seed parable
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-whole world has essence
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samkhuya
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discrimination
-atheistic -analyzing cosmos into different parts |
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samkhya
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is one of the six schools of classical Indian philosophy. Sage Kapila is traditionally considered to be the founder of the Sankhya school, although no historical verification is possible. It is regarded as the oldest of the philosophical systems in India.
-According to the Samkhya school, all knowledge is possible through three pramanas (means of valid knowledge)[12] - Pratyaksha or Drishtam - direct sense perception, Anumana - logical inference and Sabda or Aptavacana - verbal testimony. |
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Purusha
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Purusha is the Transcendental Self or Pure Consciousness. It is absolute, independent, free, imperceptible, unknowable, above any experience and beyond any words or explanation. It remains pure, “nonattributive consciousness ”. Purusha is neither produced nor does it produce.
-free purusha through yoga -root of unhappiness=ego |
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Prakriti
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Prakriti is matter. Matter is inert, temporary, and unconscious. It is composed of three qualities (gunas) corresponding to creation, sustenance, and destruction. They are:
sattva (goodness) – pure, elevating, enlightening rajas (passion) – motivates us to create, acquire and enjoy tamas (ignorance) – dirty, degrading, deluding, and destructive. |
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ahimsa
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is a Sanskrit term meaning non-violence (literally: the avoidance of violence - himsa) It is an important tenet of the religions that originated in ancient India (Hinduism, Buddhism and especially Jainism). Ahimsa is a rule of conduct that bars the killing or injuring of living beings. It is closely connected with the notion that all kinds of violence entail negative karmic consequences.
-determines the stuff you aren't supposed to do in yoga |
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niyama
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Niyama (Sanskrit: नियम) is a set of behaviors codified as "the observances" in numerous scriptures including the Shandilya and Varuha Upanishads, Hatha Yoga Pradipika by Gorakshanatha, the Tirumantiram of Tirumular and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
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asina
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postures of yoga
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Mahavira
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is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamana who established what are today considered to be the central tenets of Jainism.
-attracted to the life of a monk -strong lionlike -after 12 years, became the conquerer and achieved victory over his lusts -theme=victory over the self -purpose of living is to free the soul -wore a robe with flames -we can't know the reality of the world |
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Jainism
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must not hurt, injure any other being, even stones
-ascethetic existence -soul retains consciousness throughout lives -somewhat atheistic -One of the main characteristics of Jain belief is the emphasis on the immediate consequences of one's psychic behavior - Jainism stresses spiritual independence and equality of all life with particular emphasis on non-violence. Self-control (व्रत, vratae) is vital for attaining omniscience (Kevala Jnana) and eventually moksha, or realization of the soul's true nature. |
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Buddha
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-the term the awakened one
-life we know is asleep |
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Siddhartha Gautama
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-born into a republic atmosphere
-virgin birth out of her side -themes of buddhism-awakening, lotus -saw four things: old man, sick man, dead man, aesthetic -tried austerity, vigerous fasting, jainism, wasn't satisfied with yoga -meditated under a tree, tempted by the demon mara=evil -unmoved by temptation -awakened and experience ecstacy of awakening -stayed for 45 years |
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dharma
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teaching
-preached middle way, life in between two extremes -sangha-community of monks that govern themselves |
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4 truths of buddhism
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-life is suffering
-cause of sufferig=attachments -cessation of suffering -separation of what we want from suffering -8 fold path towards nirvana -escape from continuous rebirth -life is transitory -flame, that's how being is |
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King Melander
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best known arguments in favor of the composite nature of the individual
-greek king who ruled northwest india -chariot story-composition of individual -flame-story of continuation of life |
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ashoka
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-conquered east part in 326 bc
-became a buddhist -enlightened ruler -progressive -tried to remain impartial -social responsibility-recognition of human rights, tried to create unity -ruled for 37 years -nonviolence and social harmony -dharma official-investigate public welfare-and foster just government-provided model of the ideal king |
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Gita
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-explains three fundamental qualities=dark inertia, passion, lucidity
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China was marked by?
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-a breakup of family/kinship ties
-sociologicl order based on higher order, eventually cosmic order -order is mirrored in cosmic and human world -most similar to greece:atheism, rationalism |
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Yellow River
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-earliest cultural practices
-tiny kingdoms |
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-oracles
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-made of tortoise shells
-first place writing was found -writing started out as a pictograph system -han period gave us the basis for current writing |
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Creation myth of china
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-pang giu
-beginning=egg -pangu=brought order to universe' -yang-heavens, yin-earth -held heave and earth apart, after 18000 yea, fell asleep, became shape of earth |
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Three founders of Huang
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shen nong-first planter of crops
-zhu rong-inventor of fire -nugen-wife of fuxi-created less intelligent people when she threw the clay |
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golden age of 5 emperors
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-yao-yin and yang in harmony, model of later confucianary thinkers
-shun -yu-ended flooding |
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Shang dynasty
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-feasting with ancestors
-1523-1027 BC -strong social divisions -warfare important, capital center of the universe -common people provided food while warriors fought and hunted -families lid in pits -woman space=darkness -men-summer and daylight -dead interceded with the gods for them -writing on bamboo -literacy allowed for royal rule |
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Ancestor worship
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-family was model of political order
-filial piety-respect for dead ancestors and production of new ones -sacrifice to provide companion for dead relatives -elaborate burial practices involving gravel, clay, fabric and jade(purity) |
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Zhou
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-spring and autumn annals
-warring states -no strong dynastic control -mandate of heaven-gods wanted the rule -tian-god of zhou -king must be exemplary in order to be consistent with heaven -loose organization -decorous conduct in warfare -later zhou had (classics, confucianism, legalism, taoism) |
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classics
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-attribted to confucius
-time of precedence -book of history, spring and autumn annals, book of rites, book of songs-oldest, book of changes-oldes, book of music |
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Book of changes
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-seen as indirect way of communicating with divinities
-peasent lore -helped define yin and yang |
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book of songs
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-prayers involving lord millet
-defined gender roles -military wife |
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Shang dynasty
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-strong ideas of the afterlife
-something went wrong in later zhou -relaxation of serfdom -free peasents -critical of present, nostalgic of past -new modes of thought with wandering individuals |
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Confucias
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-just a name
-influential teacher and thinker -never successful, but influential with students -culture lost and way needed to return to it |
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Tao/dao
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harmony and order in the universe that confucias thought he could bring people back to
-do this by following the examples of exemplary people -wanted to go back to previous propriety practices -not about transcending humanity or gods -stable orderly human relationship |
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Confucius 5 relationship
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father/son
ruler/minister husband/wife=women have certain power over men, women must submit 3 times=parents, husband, son, bad if household is dominated by woman elder/younger brother-younger obidient, reading classics not as important as filial responsibilities friend/friend |
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jen
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example of friend/friend relationship
-diligence kindness -need to master oneself -affectionate and indulgent sentiments |
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Shang
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-personal development is public good
-admire and try to emulate virture -sovereignty based on consent not coercion -heirarchy of virtue -ordained kings |
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yellow turban
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A major cause of the Yellow Turban Rebellion was an agrarian crisis, in which famine forced many farmers and former military settlers in the north to seek employment in the south, where large landowners took advantage of the labor surplus and amassed large fortunes. The situation was further aggravated by smaller floods along the lower course of the Yellow River.
-360000 supporters -believed in utopia/golden age of equality -common ownership of goods -mass confession -5 bushels of rice to join didn't survive because of new strength of landowners |
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Qin
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-legalists
-objective, binding rule for all -reduce power of aristocrats -han fei-433 bc The Qin Dynasty left a legacy of a centralized and bureaucratic state that would be carried onto successive dynasties. At the height of its power, the Qin Dynasty had a population of about 40 million people. Qin Shi Huangdi imposed the Qin state's centralized, non-hereditary aristocratic system on his new empire in place of the Zhou's quasi-feudalistic one. The Qin Empire relied on the philosophy of legalism (with skillful advisors like Han Fei and Li Si). Centralization, achieved by ruthless methods, was focused on standardizing legal codes and bureaucratic procedures, the forms of writing and coinage, and the pattern of thought and scholarship. -terracotta army, mercury |
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taoism
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-lao tzu
-once existed, now is lost -don't do anything -natural course is perfection and harmony -civilization and government is bad -An emphasis is placed on the link between people and nature, and that this link lessens the need for rules and order, leading one to a better understanding of the world. -danger in opposition and exclusion |
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Han
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-peasant revolt led to it
-moved to meritocracy -promotion of people who were qualified -The new empire retained much of the Qin administrative structure, but retreated somewhat from centralized rule by establishing vassal principalities in some areas for the sake of political convenience. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gao (Liu Bang) divided the country into several "feudal states" to satisfy some of his wartime allies, though he planned to get rid of them once he had consolidated his power. -erasure of aristocratic class -buddhism -emperor more shut in to court -peasant uprising |
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Confucius 5 relationship
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father/son
ruler/minister husband/wife=women have certain power over men, women must submit 3 times=parents, husband, son, bad if household is dominated by woman elder/younger brother-younger obidient, reading classics not as important as filial responsibilities friend/friend |
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jen
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example of friend/friend relationship
-diligence kindness -need to master oneself -affectionate and indulgent sentiments |
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Shang
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-personal development is public good
-admire and try to emulate virture -sovereignty based on consent not coercion -heirarchy of virtue -ordained kings |
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yellow turban
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A major cause of the Yellow Turban Rebellion was an agrarian crisis, in which famine forced many farmers and former military settlers in the north to seek employment in the south, where large landowners took advantage of the labor surplus and amassed large fortunes. The situation was further aggravated by smaller floods along the lower course of the Yellow River.
-360000 supporters -believed in utopia/golden age of equality -common ownership of goods -mass confession -5 bushels of rice to join didn't survive because of new strength of landowners |
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Qin
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-legalists
-objective, binding rule for all -reduce power of aristocrats -han fei-433 bc The Qin Dynasty left a legacy of a centralized and bureaucratic state that would be carried onto successive dynasties. At the height of its power, the Qin Dynasty had a population of about 40 million people. Qin Shi Huangdi imposed the Qin state's centralized, non-hereditary aristocratic system on his new empire in place of the Zhou's quasi-feudalistic one. The Qin Empire relied on the philosophy of legalism (with skillful advisors like Han Fei and Li Si). Centralization, achieved by ruthless methods, was focused on standardizing legal codes and bureaucratic procedures, the forms of writing and coinage, and the pattern of thought and scholarship. -terracotta army, mercury |
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taoism
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-lao tzu
-once existed, now is lost -don't do anything -natural course is perfection and harmony -civilization and government is bad -An emphasis is placed on the link between people and nature, and that this link lessens the need for rules and order, leading one to a better understanding of the world. -danger in opposition and exclusion |
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Han
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-peasant revolt led to it
-moved to meritocracy -promotion of people who were qualified -The new empire retained much of the Qin administrative structure, but retreated somewhat from centralized rule by establishing vassal principalities in some areas for the sake of political convenience. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gao (Liu Bang) divided the country into several "feudal states" to satisfy some of his wartime allies, though he planned to get rid of them once he had consolidated his power. -erasure of aristocratic class -buddhism -emperor more shut in to court -peasant uprising |
