Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is neoplasia?
|
clonal, autonomous new growth
|
|
|
What is the history of the word "tumor?"
|
used to mean swelling caused by inflammation
now synonymous with neoplasm |
|
|
what does autonomous mean?
|
growth which persists after cessation of growth stimuli
|
|
|
what does clonal mean?
|
clonal growth is what tumors undergo, and it is the proliferation of new cells that are identical to their parent cell
|
|
|
What are the two components of all neoplasms?
|
1. parenchyma - proliferating neoplastic cells
2. stroma - supportive connective tissue and blood vessels |
|
|
What is a scirrhous neoplasm?
|
rock hard neoplasm, often seen in breast cancer
|
|
|
What kind of neoplasms usually are produced with little stromal support?
|
soft and fleshy, NOT scirrhous
|
|
|
What is a desmoplastic response to a neoplasm?
|
parenchymal cells stimulate the formation of abundant collagenous stroma
|
|
|
What is the significance of benign neoplasms?
|
they do not metastasize, but may still be lethal
|
|
|
What is a malignant neoplasm?
|
neoplasms capable of metastasis that spread by direct seeding, lymphatic spread, and hematogenous spread
|
|
|
What are the five exceptions in nomenclature for benign tumors?
|
1. seminoma
2. lymphoma 3. mesothelioma 4. melanoma 5. hepatoma |
|
|
What is an adenoma?
|
benign epithelial tumor in glands
|
|
|
What is a papilloma?
|
benign epithelial tumor producing finger-like projections
|
|
|
What is a polyp?
|
benign tumor that projects above the mucosal surface and into the lumen
|
|
|
What is a mixed tumor?
|
a tumor with mixed tissue types because of divergent differentiation
|
|
|
What is a carcinoma?
|
malignant tumor from epithelial cells e.g. ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
|
|
|
What is a sarcoma?
|
malignant tumor from mesenchymal cells e.g. fibrosarcoma, lipsarcoma, chondrosarcoma
|
|
|
What are the four phases of malignant tumors?
|
1. transformation
2. growth 3. local invasion 4. metastasis |
|
|
What is differentiation?
|
degree to which tumor cells resemble corresponding normal cells.
benign tumors = well-differentiated malignant tumors = well-differentiated to anaplastic |
|
|
WTF is anaplasia?
|
lack of differentiation charcterized by
1. pleomorphism (variation in cell and nuclear size and shape), abnormal 2. nuclear nuclear morphology 3. increased mitoses 4. loss of polarity 5. sometimes giant tumor cells |
|
|
What is dysplasia?
|
disordered growth characterized by:
1. loss in uniformity of cells 2. loss of architectural orientation 3. pleomorphism 4. increased and abnormal mitoses |
|
|
What is carcinoma in situ?
|
when dysplastic changes involve the entire thickness of the epithelium
|
|
|
Describe the balance of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?
|
proto-oncogenes are any number of genes that are involved in cell growth that when mutated can become oncogenes, which when unhindered will produce malignancy. tumor suppressor genes will stop an oncogenic protein from pushing cells into uncontrolled cell cycles at the protein kinase and cyclin level.
|
|
|
What is rate of growth determined by?
|
1. doubling time of tumor cells
2. fraction of tumor cells in replicative pool (aka growth fraction) 3. rate at which cells are shed and lost |
|
|
Why are some tumors resistant to chemotherapy?
|
Chermotherapy acts on replicating cells. if there is a low percentage of replicating cells, the tumor may be slow growing and resistant.
|
|
|
What is metastasis?
|
When one tumor gives rise to other tumors in a different tissue.
|
|
|
What is the phenomena of tumor heterogeneity?
|
although there is a single transformation event, this is followed by proliferation of genetically unstable cells that produce variable offspring. so one transformation event will produce heterogeneous variable progeny
|
|
|
What is the gross difference between benign and malignant tumors?
|
benign tumors grow as cohesive masses that are well demarcarted
malignant tumors invade and destroy surrounding tissues and are poorly circumscribed |
|
|
What is one marker of malignancy that differentiates it from benign tumors?
|
metastasis
|
|
|
What two types of cancers rarely metastasize?
|
1. basal cell carcinomas of the skin
2. CNS gliomas |
|
|
In what body cavities do tumors commonly seed?
|
peritoneal cavity
pleura pericardial space joint space subarachnoid space |
|
|
What is pseudomyxoma peritonei?
|
mucus secreting appendiceal carcinoma that seeds the peritoneal cavity greating a gelatinous mass
|
|
|
How do breast cancer and lung cancer commonly spread?
|
breast cancer through axillary lymph nodes
lung cancer through perihilar bronchial nodes and mediastinal lymph nodes |
|
|
What is the point of sentinel lymph node biopsy?
|
in breast cancer if you biopsy/dissect the axillary nodes, the lymph flow obstruction that follows usually leads to bad swelling of the arm. sentinel lymph node biopsy helps prevent the swelling.
|
|
|
What are common sites for hematogenous spread typical for sarcomas?
|
liver and lungs
|
|
|
What are the most common cancers?
|
non-melanoma skin cancers:
basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma |
|
|
What are the most common non-skin cancers?
|
men: prostate, lung, colorectal
women: breast, lung, colorectal |
|
|
What cancers have the highest mortality?
|
men: lung, prostate, colorectal
women: lung, prostate, colorectal |
|
|
What is the genetic related explanation for retinoblastoma?
|
1. germline point mutation in a tumor suppressor gene RB1
2. second allele in comatic cells becomes defective -> chromosome deletion or recombination |
|
|
What is the genetic related explanation for FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis)?
|
autosomal dominant mutation of the APC tumor suppressor gene
|
|
|
What is the genetic related explanation for Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
|
germline mutations of p53 tumor suppressor gene
|
|
|
What is the genetic related explanation for neurofibromatosis?
|
NF1 and NF2 gene mutations
|
