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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What parasitic worms are classified as Cestodes?
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tapeworms
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What are the segments of a tapeworm called?
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proglottids
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What is the head of the tapeworm called?
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scolex - contains suckers, hooks or sucking grooves
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How do humans become infected with Taenia solium or Taenia saginata?
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ingestion of raw or undercooked pork or beef, or drinking water that is fecally contaminated
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How are tapeworms transmitted?
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consumption of undercooked meat. Ingesting eggs in food or water that is fecally contaminated
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What symptoms occur as a result of the presence of adult Taenia tapeworms in the gut?
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few to anorexia and diarrhea
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What are the symptoms and cause of cysticercosis in T. solium infections?
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headache, vomiting and seizures due to the larval stage in the brain. Uveitis or retinitis when they are in the eye
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How is Taenia infection diagnosed in the lab?
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finding proglottids in the stool. For cysticercosis, the cyst seen by x-ray or CT
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Which of the tapeworms has water in its life cycle?
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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How does man become infected with Diphyllobthrium latum?
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eating raw fish
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What is the primary finding in patients infected with Diphyllobothrium latum?
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Megalobastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency
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What is the lab diagnosis of Diphyllobothrium latum infections?
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finding eggs in the stool
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What is the etiologic agent of hydatid disease?
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Echinococcus granulosus
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What is the intermediate host for Echinococcus granulosus?
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many species of warm blood vertabrates
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Where does Echinococcus granulosus infection occur?
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in the US in cattle and sheep raising areas. Mediterranean, Middle East and Australia
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How does man become infected with Echinococcus granulosus?
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ingestion of eggs from soil, water or dog fur
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What is the cause of symptoms in patients infected with Echinococcus granulosus?
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space occupying lesions caused by cysts of the organism result in dysfunction of the organ (liver, brain)
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When does death occur in patients infected with Echonococcus granulosus, what is the most common reason?
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Anaphylactic shock when cysts become leaky or rupture
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What lab tests are used to aid in the diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection?
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examination of cysts. Serology
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What cestode causes alveolar hydatid disease in hunter and trappers and can occur in the US?
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Echinococcus granulosus
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What is the most common tapeworm infection in the US?
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Hymenolepis nana
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Where are Hymenloepsis nana infections most often found in the US?
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in the southeastern states
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How do humans acquire H. nana infections?
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eating an infected intermediate host
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How do you diagnose H. nana infections?
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finding eggs in the stool
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What is a common tapeworm found in dogs and cats?
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Diphylidium caninum
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How is Diphylidium caninum transmitted to man?
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ingesting fleas containing the cysticerci of the organism - most often in children from their pets
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What is the major symptom associated with Diphylidium infections?
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diarrhea and pruritus ani
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How do you diagnose Diphylidium caninum infection?
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proglottids in the feces
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Why do infections with flukes not occur in the US?
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there is a requirement for a snail vector that is not present in the US
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How do humans become infected with flukes?
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penetration of the skin by the cercariae stage. Ingestion of cyst stage in raw seafood
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Which species of fluke is acquired by penetration of the skin?
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the Schistosoma (mansoni, japonicum, haematobium)
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What is the endemic area for S. mansoni?
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Africa and Latin America
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What is the endemic area for S. haematobium?
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Africa and the Middle East
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What is the endemic area for S. japonicum?
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Only in Asia
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What are the clinical findings due to infection with Schistosoma species?
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itching and dermatitis, migrating larve induce eosinophilia, granulomas form around eggs in liver, spleen or wall of the gut or bladder
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Where is the primary site of damage during infection with S. mansoni?
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inferior mesenteric venules and wall of the distal colon
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What is the site of damage in S. japonicum infection?
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superior and inferior mesenteric venules. Damage to the walls of the small and large intestines
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What is the site of damage in S. haematobium infection?
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the wall of the bladder
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Where are the eggs of the Schistomes found in an infected human?
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S. haematobium - eggs are in the urine; S. mansoni and S. japonicum - eggs are in the feces
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What precautions should be taken to avoid infection with Schistosome species?
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avoid swimming in endemic areas. Proper disposal of human waste
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What organism is known as the Chinese liver fluke?
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Clonorchis sinensis
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How does man become infected with the Chinese liver fluke?
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eating raw fish
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How do you diagnose infection with Chinese liver fluke?
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finding eggs in the stool
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What organism causes the sheep liver fluke?
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Fasciola hepatica
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How does man become infected with the sheep liver fluke?
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ingestion of larva that are encysted in watercress and other aquatic plants
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What symptoms are associated with the sheep liver fluke?
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right upper quadrant pain, fever, hepatomegaly, jaundice
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How is the lab diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection made?
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eggs in the stool
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What is the etiologic agent that is an intestinal fluke endemic in Asia and India?
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Fasciolopsis buski
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How does man become infected with Fasciolopsis buski?
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ingestion of aquatic vegetation that is encysted with the parasite
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How is the lab diagnosis of Fasciolosis made?
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finding eggs in the stool
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What is the etiologic agent of pinworm infections?
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Enterobius vermicularis
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What is the endemic area for pinworm infections?
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world wide - common in the US
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How is man infected with Enterobius vermicularis?
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ingestion of eggs
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How is the lab diagnosis of pinworm infections made?
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finding eggs in the perianal region using scotch tape
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What symptoms are associated with pinworm infection?
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perianal puritis (most common) and bed wetting
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What is the etiologic agent of whipworm disease?
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Trichuris trichuria
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What is the endemic area of Trichuris trichuria infections?
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worldwide. Cases in the US are in warm areas - south and southeastern states
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What is the major symptom associated with Trichuris trichuria infection?
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diarrhea
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How does man become infected with Trichuris trichuria?
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ingestion of eggs
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What is the etiologic agent of intestinal round worm disease in man?
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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What is the endemic area for Ascaris lumbricoides infection?
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worldwide - prevalent in the tropics
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Besides the intestinal tract, what organ may be affected during an infection with Ascaris lumbricoides?
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the lung. Larval forms migrate to the lung during the life cycle, this causes damage and eosinophlia
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How is the lab diagnosis of Ascaris lumbricoides made?
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finding eggs in the stool
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What is the etiological agent of hookworm disease?
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Ancylostoma duodenale (old world hookworm) and Necator americanus (new world hookworm)
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How does an become infected with hookworms?
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infected juvenile form penetrates the skin
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Why are pulmonary symptoms associated with hookworm disease?
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the juveniles migrate through the lungs during the life cycle
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Besides pulmonary symptoms what are the major symptoms associated with hookworm disease?
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blood loss from the intestine with microcytic anemia. "ground itch" at site of penetration of skin by larvae
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How is the lab diagnosis of hookworm disease made?
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eggs in the stool
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What is the best prevention for hookworm infection?
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wear shoes
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What parasitic infection occurs primarily in the tropics and is obtained by penetration of the skin and autoinfection?
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Strongyloides sterocoralis
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Why does pneumonitis occur during infection with Strongyloides stercoralis?
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the larvae migrate to the lungs during their life cycle
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Besides pneumonitis, what is the major symptom associated with Strongyloides stercoralis?
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diarrhea
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What infection is associated with eating undercooked pork with formation of cysts in the muscles of the infected host?
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Trichinella spiralis
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What symptoms occur in a Trichinella spiralis infection?
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muscle pain, periorbital edema, cardiac and CNS symptoms
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What is the etiological agent for Anisakiasis?
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Anisakis simplex
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How does man become infected with Anasakis simplex?
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eating raw fish
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What are the symptoms of anisakiasis?
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abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting - larvae may be coughed up
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How do you diagnose anisakiasis?
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gastroscopic or histopatholic examination
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What is the lab diagnosis of elephantiasis?
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finding larvae encysted in muscle tissue
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What is the etiologic agent of elephantiasis?
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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What is the endemic area for elephantiasis?
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Tropics
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How is man infected with Wucheria brancrofti?
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Mosquito bite
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What is the lab diagnosis of Wucheria bancrofti?
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microfilariae in blood smears
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What is the etiologic agent of river blindness?
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Onchocera volvulus
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How is man infected with Onchocera volvulus?
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bite of the blackfly
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How is Onchocerca volvulus infection detected in the lab?
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Finding microfilariae in skin biopsies
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What is the etiologic agent of African "eye worm" disease?
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Loa loa
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How is man infected with Loa loa?
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bite of the deer fly
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What is the endemic area for Loa loa?
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Tropical Africa
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How is Loa loa diagnosed in the lab?
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Finding microfilariae in blood smears
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A disease characterized by formation of ulcers on the lower extremities from which the head of a worm can be found is caused by what?
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Dracunculus medinensis
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What is the treatment of choice for Dracunculus medinensis infections?
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roll the worm up on a stick slowly over a period of a few days
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What is the etiologic agent of visceral larva migrans?
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Toxicara canis
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Does Toxicara canis have a complete life cycle in man?
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No, it does not
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How is Toxicara canis identified in dogs?
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finding eggs in the feces
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How is Toxicara canis identified in man?
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finding larvae in tissues
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What tissues are affected by Toxicara canis in man?
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many different tissues
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What is the best prevention for Toxicara canis infections in man?
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worm your dog
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how do you treat T. solium or T. saginata?
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niclosamide or praziquntel
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how do you treat diphyllobothrium latum?
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praziquantel
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how do you treat echinococcus granulosus?
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surgical removal followed by albendazole
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how do you treat echinococcus multilocuari?
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albenazole - surgical removal of the cyst
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how do you treat hymenolepis nana
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praziquantel
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how do you treat dipylidium caninum?
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niclosamide
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how do you treat the trematodes?
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praziquantel
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what are the trematodes?
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schistoma, clonorchis sinensis, paragonium westermani, fasciola hepatica, fasciolopsis buski
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how do you treat enterobius vermicularis?
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pyrantel pamoate
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how do you treat tichuris trichuria?
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mebendazole
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what is the most common helminth infection?
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ascaris lumbricoides
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how do you treat ascaris lumbricoides?
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mebendazole
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how do you treat anyclostoma duodenale?
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mebendazole. treat severe anemia with ferrous sulfate
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how do you treat strongyloides stercoralis?
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ivermectin or thaibenazole
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how do you treat trichinella spiralis?
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early - thiabendazole
late - mebendazole/corticosteroids |
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how do you treat wucheria bancrofti?
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diethylcarbamazine
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how do you treat brugia malayi?
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diethylcarbamazine
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how do you treat loa loa?
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diethylcarbamazine
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how do you treat onchocerca volvulus?
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diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin
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how do you treat dracunculus medinensis
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thiabendazole and metronidazole permits worm extraction
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how do you treat toxocara canis
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diethylcarbamazine
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