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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What brought about plagues?
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-changes in human population and lifestyles!
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What affect did the agricultural revolution have on "plagues"?
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-led to animal domestication and therefor zoonotic diseases
EX: measles from DHPP, SARS from civet cats, HIV from Chimps |
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What affect did the industrial revolution have on plagues?
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-led to crowding of pepole together with carriers (ie; rats), polluted water and air, and poor public health measures
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What was the plague of Athens?
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-typhus caused by bacterium Rickettsia spp.
-lead to defeat of Athens by Sparta- turning point in Western civilization! -430 BC, about 25% of population killed |
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What was Roman fever?
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-malaria (bad air) caused by protozoan Plasmodium
-prevalent in marshlands and swamps around rome -believed to have stopped Attila the Hun and other attacks on Rome!! |
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What is the Black Death also known as?
What is the bacterium that caused it? How many people died between 1346-1353? |
-bubonic plague
-Yersinia pestis -20 million people in Europe |
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How long did it take for the population to return to the former size in Europe?
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150 years
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How many people would die daily in populations of about 500,000?
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-500 a day!
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In 1860's how many Chinese died?
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-200 million people
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What was the result of the Black Plague?
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-led to public health measures of quarantine (40 days: either dead or recovered) and restriction of travel
-discrimination; Jews accused of poisoning wells and 900 were burned alive, in Italy they were forced to wear yellow star of David, others emigrated to Poland with tolerant king Casimir |
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Today, how many cases of the Black Death occur?
Deaths from this? Across how many countries? |
-28,570 cases
-2,331 deaths -24 countries |
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What is war fever known as?
What agent causes it? How is it transmitted? |
-Typhus Fever
-Rickettsia prowazekii (relative of Rickettsia rickettsii which causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) -transmitted by body lice |
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Who are some good examples of Typhus fever?
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-Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain fought the Moors over Granada (17,000 of 20,000 died from Typhus fever)
-Napolean's Army of 500,000 invaded Russia (220,000 died from typhus and 100,000 from disease) |
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What did the Germans contribute to Typhus fever?
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-German chemists synthesized Zyklon-B, a cyanide derivative, to fumigate and delouse railroad cars
-Germans also used this to murder Jews in "delousing stations" in concentration camps |
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What plague has been estimated to have killed more than half the people who have ever lived?
What protozoan causes it? |
-Malaria
-protozoan Plasmodium spp. |
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Currently, how many cases of Malaria are seen yearly?
Who is famously alleged to have died of malaria at age 32? |
-300 to 500 million cases yearly (2-3 deaths/yr)!
-Alexander the Great |
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What bacterium attacks water most commonly as well food-borne?
What does this bacterium cause? |
-Vibria cholerae
-Cholera |
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What disease is the greatest epidemic of the 19th century?
What groups of peoples are carriers? |
-cholera (currently ongoing)
-Irish emigrants |
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How was Smallpox introduced to the "New World"?
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-Spaniards brought it over from the Old World
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What was the greatest epidemic of the 18th century?
What causes it? |
-Smallpox (Spotted Plague)
-virus (actual one not listed) |
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What cuased the start of slave trade?
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-British in French and Indian War used smallpox to attack Indians
-It was so devastating to Natives that colonists were forced to import slaves from Africa to do work |
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What is the Peoples Plague?
What causes this? |
-Tuberculosis
-bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Who went to Africa to recover from TB and changed the face of Africa forever?
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-Cecil Rhodes
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Today, how many people are infected with TB?
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-1 person every second
-death every 18 seconds -over next decade, predicted 30 million people will die |
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Who was the first person to actually see microbes?
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-Dutch tailor Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in 1674
-constructed crude microscope capable of seeing "wee animalcules" -plaque between teeth |
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How was spontaneous generation disproved and by whom?
What resulted from this finding? |
-Swan Neck Flask
-Louis Pasteur -the Scientific Method |
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What is the Scientific Method?
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1) Observe
2) Question 3) Hypothesis 4) Observations 5) Accept, Reject, Modify hypothesis 6) Theory or Law |
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Who developed Germ Theory Postulates?
What is the purpose of it? |
-Robert Koch
-Tests to determine if a disease can be attributed to an organism |
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What are the stages of Koch's Postulates?
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1) Suspected germ must be present in every case of the disease
2) Germ must be isolated and grown in pure culture 3) Cultured germ must cause disease when inoculated into a healthy susceptible experimental host 4) Same germ must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host |
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What are the three domains of life?
Who came up with these?? |
-bacteria
-archaea -eukaryotes *Carl Woese |
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What are the majority of bacteria?
Eukaryotes? |
-prokaryotes
-non-bacterial microbes that have many similarities to animal cells |
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What are Archeae?
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-primitive prokaryotes that live in extreme environments such as in extreme salinity or temperature
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What are 4 criteria for classifying microbes?
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-size and shape
-cell structure -nutrition -mode of propulsion |
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What are the two categories of prokaryotes?
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-bacteria
-archaea |
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What are the cellular morphologies for cocci?
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-single
-diplococci -strepto (chain) -tetrads -sarcina (round cluster) -staphylo (large random cluster) |
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What other shapes are there besides cocci?
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-coccobacillus
-bacillus -vibria -spirillum -spirochete -pleomorphic |
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How many cells constitute a typical colony?
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-10^6 to 10^8 cells per colony
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What is the famous term associated with viruses that you can never remember? :)
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-obligate intracellular parasites
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What category do yeasts and molds belong to?
Which one is multicellular? Unicellular? How do they reproduce? |
-eukaryotes
-multi= molds (hyphae: sexual and asexual spores) -single= yeasts (budding, some have sexual spores) |
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What are Protozoa's?
Describe them and how they move. |
-single celled eukaryotes that are similar in their nutritional needs and cellular structure
-typically live freely in water (some in hosts) -most reproduce asexually (some sexually) -use pseudopodia, cilia, flagella to move |
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Describe Algae and how it's categorized?
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-unicellular or multicellular
-photosynthetic -simple reproductive structures -categorized on basis of pigmentation, storage products, and composition of cell wall |