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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four hypersensitivites?
*List from Type 1= 1, etc |
1) Immediate hypersensitivity
2) Cytotoxic hypersensitivity 3) Immune-Complex Mediated hyperseneitivity 4) Delayed or cell-mediated hypersensitivity |
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How do malfunctions of immune system cause morbidity or martality?
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*by overreaction or underreaction
-hypersensitivities -autoimmune diseases -immunodeficiency diseases |
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What cells are involved in Type 1 hypersensitivity?
2? 3? 4? |
-mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils
-red blood cells -neutrophils -activated T cells |
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Describe Type I hypersensitivity.
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-localized (common) or systemic reactions that result from the release of inflammatory olecules in response to an antigen
-develop within seconds or minutes of antigen exposure (allergens) |
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What are some locations for localized allergic reactions?
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-inhaled: respiratory tract response or lungs)
-ingestion -local dermatitis |
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How do you treat allergic, localized reactions?
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-antihistimines
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What is bad about systemic reactions in an allergic reaction?
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-life threatening!
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what happens in systemic allergic reactions?
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-degranulation of many mast cells at once= release of lots of histamine and inflammatory mediators!
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What can result from systemic allergic reactions?
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-acute anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock
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What are signs of anaphylactic shock?
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-bronchial smooth muscle contracts violently
-leakage of fluid from blood vessels may cuase swelling of laynx and other tissues -contraction of smooth muscles of intestines and bladder |
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How do you treat systemic allergic reactions?
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-treat promptly with epinephrine!
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When does Type II hypersensitivity occur?
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-results when cells are destroyed by an immune response
-often due to combined activites of complement and antibodies |
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Which Hypersensitivity is a component of many autoimmune diseases?
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-Type II
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What are two examples of Type II hypersensitivity?
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-destruction of blood cells after incompatable blood transfustion
-destructions of fetal red blood cells in hemolytic disase of newborn |
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What type of blood is the universal donor?
Recipient? |
-O
-AB |
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What are the two antigens found in blood?
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-A and B
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How do complications arrive from wrong blood being donated?
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-donors antigens atimulate production of antibodies in recipient which bind and destroy transfused cells by macrophage and neutrophil-based phagocytosis and by complement-based hemolysis
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What happens if a recipient in blood transfusion already has preexisting antibodies to blood?
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-immediate destruction of donated blood
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What are immune-complexes?
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-antigen-antibody complexes (important players in Type III)
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In Type III hypersensitivity, what types of reactions can occur?
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-systemic or localized
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What conditions/diseases can Type III hypersensitivity cause?
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-sequela disease
-glomerulonephritis |
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What is a sequela disease?
What is Glomerulonephritis a sequela disease from? |
-disease caused by a preceding disease or injury in the same individual
-S. pyogenes |
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What is Glomerulonephritis?
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immune complexes circulating in bloodstream are deposited on walls of glomeruli
-damage to these cells impedes blood filtration -this results in kidney failure and death |
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Describe Type IV hypersensitivity.
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-inflammation due to contact with certain antigens occurs after 12-24 hours
-delay reflects time it takes for macrophages and T cells to migrate to and proliferate at the site of the antigen -ex; tuberculin response, graft rejection, allergic contact dermatitis |
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In the Tuberculin response, what does the skin react with?
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-tuberculin (protein solution from Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
*only if exposed to tuberculosis or the vaccine! |
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What is a positive Tuberculin Response look like?
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-red hard swelling develops
-Memory T cells secrete cytokines that attract more T cells and macrophages in a slow inflammatory response *macrophages ingest and destroy tuberculin; back to normal |
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What does autoimmunity mean?
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-body produces antibodies and cytotoxic T cells that target normal body cells
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What are some common features of autoimmune disease?
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-occur more often in older individuals
-more common in women than men |
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What happens in molecular mimicry?
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-infectious agent has an antigenic determinant that is similar or identical to a self-antigen
-body produces autoantibodies (destroy body tissues) |
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What happens in Rheumatic Fever?
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-antibodies generated against S pyogenes M protein cross-react with host tissues, especially heart valve tissue
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What plays an important (though bad) role in immunodeficiency disease?
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-opportunistic infections
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What are the primary cause of immunodeficiency diseases?
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-result from genetic or developmental defect in infants and young children
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What is an acquired cause of immunodeficiency disease?
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-direct consequence of some other recognized cause in later life
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What are two causes of 'acquired cause' in immunodeficiency disease?
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-severe stress; suppression of cell-mediated immunity results from an excess production of corticosteroids, which is toxic to T cells
-malnutrition and environmental factors; inhibits production of B cells and T cells |
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What must an individual have to be diagnosed with AIDS?
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-tests positive for HIV or HIV antibodies
-low CD4 T-cell count -one or more opportunistic infections or atypical cancers |
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What increases the chance of contracting AIDS?
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-sexual promiscuity
-anal intercourse -intravenous drug use -sexual intercourse with anyone in previous categories |
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What are the three HIV ssRNA retroviruses?
Which is more virulent? |
-HIV-o
-HIV-1 -HIV-2 +HIV-1 (99% of global cases) |
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Where did HIV arise from?
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-mutation of simian immunodeficiency virus in African chimpanzees in Cameroon
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What does HIV attack in the body?
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-cells displaying CD4 cell surface protein (macrophages and TH cells)
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Where is HIV found?
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-blood, semen, saliva, vagina secretions, breast milk
*blood and semen most effective |
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Describe how HIV infects CD4 cells.
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-HIV gp120 interacts with macrophage CD4 protein
-this complex interacts with chemokine coreceptors -complex forms docking site for HIV envelope-cell membrane fustion |
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What eventually kills the HIV host?
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-loss of 70% of T-cell pool allows for opportunistic infections to kill host
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In HIV, what are the chemokine coreceptors?
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-CCR5 on macrophages
-CXCR4 on TH cells |
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What are the three main categories of Anti-HIV drugs?
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-nucleoside analogs (such as AZT)
-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs such as nevirapine) -protease inhibitors such as saquinavir |
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What is the drug composition for HIV?
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-a cocktail consisting of 1 protease inhibitor and 2 nucleoside analogs
HAART= highly active antiretroviral treatment |
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How do nucleoside analogs work?
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-act as reverse transcriptase inhibitors
-AZT |
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How do protease inhibitors work?
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-inhibit HIV proteases and virus maturation
-saquinavir |
