Mmg 301 Final Lecture 37

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zoonotic diseases

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diseases found primarily in animals but are transmissible to humans. transmission usually by direct contact or respiratory

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enzootic

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infectious diseases are found only in animal populations

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epizootic

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significant increases in infectious disease prevalence within animal population (equivalent of epidemics in humans)

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typical vectors

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-live agents that transmit infectious disease
-transmission from infected host to uninfected host usually by these
-insects (mosquitoes), ticks, fleas

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pathogen for rabies

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rabies virus

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symptoms of rabies

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-fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, agitation, anxiety, confusion, hyperactivity, difficulty swallowing, excessive salivation, fear of water (hydrophobia), hallucinations, insomnia, partial paralysis
-nearly 100% fatal in most mammals if not treated-is claimed by some to be the most lethal of all infectious diseases; over 55,000 deaths worldwide each year

Front 7

how is rabies diagnosed

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Negri bodies in brain samples from animals; microscopic examination of tissues using fluorescent antibodies

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tissues infected by rabies

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spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum

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Hantavirus

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zoonotic pathogen that can cause a life-threatening illness. Realted to hemorrhagic fever such as Ebola and Lassa viruses

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Diseases caused by Hantavirus

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severe cases can lead to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. symptoms include fever, muscle aches, decreased blood platelets, lungs fill with fluid

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transmission of hantavirus

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deer mouse host; inhalation of dried airborne fecal material from infected animal

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what disease is caused by West Nile virus

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West Nile Fever-->develops in about 20% of those infected with West Nile virus. In rare cases, it can lead to serious complications such as encephalitis

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how is West Nile transmitted

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mosquito vector

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what animals are susceptible to West Nile virus

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-humans, horses, birds
-birds are most reservoirs; over 130 species can be host

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pathogen for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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-Rickettsial disease
-pathogen is Rickettsia rickettsii

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vector for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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ticks

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pathogen for Ehrlichoisis and Anaplasmosis

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-Rickettsial Disease
-members of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma phagocytophilum

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vector for Ehrilchiosis and Anaplasmosis

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ticks

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pathogen for Typhus

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-Rickettsial Disease
-pathogen is Rickettsia prowazekii

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vector for Typhus

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body and head lice

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pathogen for Q-fever

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-Rickettsial Disease
-pathogen is Coxiella burnetti

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vector for Q-fever

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not directly transmitted to humans by insect bite; transmitted to animals by inset bite--> transmitted to humans by infected animals or contaminated animal products

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How do rickettsial pathogens replicate

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-intracellular parasites
-cell wall contains peptidoglycan and cells divide by binary fission
-penetration of a host cell by a rickettsial cell is an active process, requiring both host and parasite to be alive and metabolically active
-once inside the host cell, bacteria multiply primarily in the cytoplasm and continue replicating until the host cell is loaded with parasites
-host cell then bursts and liberates bacterial cells

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what type of host cells are infected by Ehrlichia

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white blood cells of the host

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How did Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever get its name

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was first recognized in the western US with characteristic symptoms including fever and a rash over the whole body

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how is Q-fever most commonly transmitted?

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usually animal--> animal or animal--> human transmission by inhalation or contact with urine, feces, milk, or other fluids from infected animal

(rarely transmitted by ticks)

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vector for Lyme disease

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deer ticks

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vector for Plague

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fleas (rats are reservoirs)

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vector for Malaria

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Anopheles mosquito

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pathogen for Lyme disease

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Borrelia burgdorderi

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pathogen for Plague

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Yersinia pestis

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pathogen for Malaria

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Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, also P. ovale and P. malariae

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how can malaria be controlled

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insecticide-containing mosquito nets-found to have beneficial effect in malaria prevention

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tetanus pathogen

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-bacterial
-Clostridium tetani

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botulism pathogen

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-bacteria
-Clostridium botulinum

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Histoplasmosis pathogen

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-fungal
-Histoplasma capsulatum

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Athlete's foot pathogen

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-fungal
-Trichophyton

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Aflatoxins pathogen

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-fungal
-Aspergillis flavus

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toxins that soilborne pathogens produce

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-Botulism toxins: Clostridium botulinum
-Aflatoxins: Aspergillis flavus

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polymicrobial disease

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-infections in animals or humans that are induced by multiple bacteria, viruses, fungal, or parasitic organisms, or combination of these
-can be enhanced by: a weakened or immunocompromised host; an initial infection creates new pathways for secondary pathogens; cirulence of 2+ pathogens is greater than any of the pathogens alone

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what disease has a large impact on the cattle industry

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-Bovine Respiratory Disease Comlplex
-major cause of economic loss in the cattle industry
-over $1 billion annual losses; primary cause of death and sickness in feedlot cattle
-combination of viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens
-contributing factors: overcrowding, bad nutrition, transport