Mmg 301 Final Lecture 33

Front 1

prevalance

Back 1

-number of cases (new+existing) in a population at a given time
-a "snapshot" of the total number of cases within a population
-often reported as a percentage of population having the disease

Front 2

incidence

Back 2

number of new cases in population over a given time period

Front 3

morbidity

Back 3

(incidence of a disease [fatal or non fatal])/(total population of individuals)

Front 4

mortality

Back 4

(Deaths due to disease)/(total population of individuals)

Front 5

outbreak

Back 5

sudden increase in cases above normal low level

Front 6

endemic

Back 6

occurs at normal levels throughout the population, sporadic fashion

Front 7

epidemic

Back 7

large incidence of disease, larger geographical areas, larger populations involved

Front 8

pandemic

Back 8

occurs over many continents, larger populations involved

Front 9

common source epidemics

Back 9

all of the individuals get sick from a pathogen from the same source--like food or water

Front 10

host-to-host epidemic

Back 10

initiated by the introduction of a single infected individual into a susceptible population, takes time to happen

Front 11

index case

Back 11

first case of an epidemic "patient zero"

Front 12

seasonal cycles

Back 12

disease prevalence increases seasonally when inset vectors emerge

Front 13

R0 basic reproductive number

Back 13

number of infections that one individual causes; depends on pathogen, how it's transmitted and other situations; generation time= time from 1 infected individual until the time of the next infected individual

Front 14

how did John Snow locate the cause of the outbreak

Back 14

mapped the locations of homes with infections as well as pumping stations; 2 water suppliers served the outbreak area. concluded that the source of the epidemic was the water intake downstream of the release point for untreated sewage

Front 15

How was the Typhoid Mary case investigated

Back 15

-Mary Mallon worked as a cook in NY
-1st sign of outbreak was in a family she had cooked for in Long Island
-civil engineer, George Soper, identified Mary as carrier traced it back 7 years to other outbreaks

Front 16

MRSA (Methcillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

Back 16

S. aureus is common cause of skin infections; some serious infections require antibiotic treatment; a small fraction of cases are due to MRSA; over 94,000 cases in the US in 2005; ~19,000 died during hospital stays

Front 17

MDR-TB (Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis) and XDR-TB (Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis)

Back 17

-Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-found in developing countries
-resistant to several antibiotics that are used routinely to treat TB infections (4% of TB cases are MDR-TB)

Front 18

XDR-TB (Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis)

Back 18

-Mycobacterium in tuberculosis
-found in developing countries
-rare type of MDR-TB, resistant to almost
-resistant to almost all antibiotics used for treatment of TB
-treatment can involve surgical removal of diseased lung tissue and use of "last resort" antibiotics
-long-term quarantine may be needed

Front 19

Nosocomial infections

Back 19

infections that occur in healthcare settings

Front 20

nosocomial pathogens and what diseases they cause

Back 20

-Syaphylococcus aureus-->MRSA
-Clostridium difficile-->gastroenteritis, diarrhea

Front 21

what are the most frequent sites on the body for infections?

Back 21

-catheter-associated UTI
-surgical site infections
-ventilator-associated Pneumonia
-central line-associated bloodstream infections (bacteremia)

Front 22

carriers

Back 22

individuals with asymptomatic or subclinical infections (usually chronic) that can expose others to infectious diseases

Front 23

reservoirs

Back 23

places or populations where infectious disease is maintained between outbreaks; they can be inanimate or living organisms

Front 24

direct methods of transmission

Back 24

-human to human
-animal to animal
-animal to human

Front 25

human-to-human transmission

Back 25

-direct
-sexually transmitted
-respiratory transmission
-coughing/sneezing, open skin to skin (wounds and sores), accidental contact with feces, urine, blood

Front 26

animal-to-animal transmission

Back 26

many infectious diseases

Front 27

animal-to-human

Back 27

-ex. bovine tuberculosis, rabies, avian influenza, brucellosis, anthrax, many others

Front 28

indirect methods of transmission

Back 28

vectors, fomites, vehicles

Front 29

vectors

Back 29

live agents such as insects, rodents, ticks, fleas. Ex. West Nile virus, malaria

Front 30

fomites

Back 30

inanimate contaminated objects. Ex. toys, bedding

Front 31

vehicles

Back 31

nonliving source of pathogens that infect many individuals (most often food or water)

Front 32

five measures used to control the spread of infectious diseases

Back 32

-reservoir control
-transmission control
-immunizations
-quarantine
-surveillance

Front 33

reservoir control

Back 33

monitoring of domestic and wild animals for diseases, immunizations against rabies (especially for vector spread)

Front 34

transmission control

Back 34

mosquito control, elimination of water or food contamination constant monitoring of food and water supply

Front 35

immunizations

Back 35

smallpox has been eliminated form earth by immunizations; diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, rubella, polio all prevented

Front 36

quarentine

Back 36

restricting movement of infected individuals; required for smallpox, cholera plague, yellow fever, typhoid and relapsing fevers

Front 37

surveillance

Back 37

monitoring of diseases by CDC and WHO

Front 38

what is a reportable disease

Back 38

infections that must be reported to local, state and the CDC