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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Life |
Life is a chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution. |
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Living Organisms |
Undergo: -metabolism -maintain homeostasis -capacity to grow -respond to stimuli -reproduce -natural selection (adaptation) |
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LUCA |
Last Universal Common Ancestor -uses RNA as its genetic code |
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882) |
-unaware of the source of a population's variation -observed variation among individuals & inheritance -natural selection depends on variation & competition |
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Horizontal vs. Vertical Gene Transfer |
Horizontal: 1. Conjugation = bacteria to bacteria 2. Transduction = bacteria to bacteria via virus 3. Transformation = bacteria lyses release DNA that is absorbed by another bacteria
Vertical: parental generation to offspring
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Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) |
-worked with pea plants -characteristics: height, pod shape & colour, seed shape & colour, flower position & colour |
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Frederick Griffith (1928) |
-worked with smooth & rough colonies of bacteria -rough = benign -smooth = virulent |
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Avery/MacLeod/McCarty (1944) |
-proof that DNA is the genetic material -used extraction procedures -transforming ability was lost when enzymes that destroyed DNA were present |
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Hershey & Chase (1953) |
-tagged DNA & protein -outer protein coat didn't enter enter bacterium, whereas tagged phage's DNA did -proved that DNA was responsible for the production of new phages |
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Structure of DNA |
-nucleotide: deoxyribose sugar, phosphate backbone, nitrogenous base -nucleoside: sugar base compound -purines (2 rings): adenine & guanine -pyrimidine (1 ring): cytosine, thymine -phosphodiester bond in nucleic acids |
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Erwin Chargaff |
-Chargaff's rule: A=T / C=G -1:1 between purine & pyrimidine bases |
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Watson & Crick (1953) |
-proposed double helix with sugar phosphate backbone on the outside, bases on the inside, with one purine & one pyrimidine base per rung |
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Rosalind Franklin's work (1951-1953) |
-x-ray diffraction work proved that it had a twisting, helical configuration |
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Meselson & Stahl (1958) |
3 proposed models: -Dispersive -Conservative -Semiconservative |
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Forms of DNA |
B-DNA A-DNA Z-DNA |
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Central Dogma |
DNA (Replication) Transcription RNA Translation Protein |
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Protein Structure |
-primary = amino acid sequence -secondary = alpha helix -tertiary = folded polypeptide chain -quaternary = assembled subunits |
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Amino Acids |
-central carbon -hydrogen -primary amino group (NH3+) -carboxylic acid group (COO-) -variable side chain
-average molecular weight of an amino acid = 125 daltons (1 dalton = one proton) |
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Proteins |
-can bind with DNA & RNA -helped control gene expression |
