Mmbio Exam 2 Flashcards

Front 1

Why doesn't the cell express all of its genes all of the time?

Back 1

They are only expressed according to need of the organ; gene expression leads to needed function

Front 2

Uses promoter and terminators

Back 2

Transcription

Front 3

5’-TAAAGCCTAGCTTATTAT-3’

Back 3

Sense or Coding Strand

Front 4

3’-ATTTCGGATCGAATAATA-5’

Back 4

Template Strand

Front 5

 5’-UAAAGCCUAGCUUAUUAUAAAAAAAAAAA-3’

Back 5

Complimentary RNA Strand

Front 6

Always shown from 5'-3'

Back 6

RNA Strand

Front 7

The poly A tail is often added to ___________

Back 7

RNA eukaryotic cells

Front 8

Once the promoter starts and transcription begins, everything to the right is ___ and everything to the left is ____

Back 8

Positive, Negative

Front 9

For transcription to occur, _______ has to create a bubble in the DNA and then the transcription can occur.

Back 9

Helicase

Front 10

3 main steps of transcription:

Back 10

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Front 11

___________ doesn't need a primer to start, it can start after initiation has occurred with the promoter

Back 11

RNA Polymerase

Front 12

5 parts of the transcription with the RNA Polymerase

Back 12

Sigma, Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta, Beta'

Front 13

________ takes RNA polymerase to a certain promoter

Back 13

Sigma, Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta, Beta'

Front 14

RNA has a ____________, if a mistake is made during transcription, it can roll back and correct it.

Back 14

proofreading function

Front 15

How does RNA polymerase know when to stop?

Back 15

Terminators: Rho dependent, Rho independent

Front 16

A protein that recognizes a sequence in RNA and cause RNA polymerase to pause and binds to the "rut site" and knocks everything off the DNA and is a terminator

Back 16

Rho

Front 17

The __________ is on the DNA and the __________ is on the RNA

Back 17

Terminator Site, Terminator Hairpin

Front 18

Protein that regulates the expression of the gene

Back 18

Trans-acting factors

Front 19

Uses the presence of lactose

Back 19

Lac Operon

Front 20

In the lac operon, the ________ and _________ overlap

Back 20

promoter and operator

Front 21

If there is _________ inside the cell, there is no need for the Lac Operon

Back 21

COH

Front 22

_________ detects if there is sufficient COH inside the cell, and if there isn't, then the Lac Operon is activated

Back 22

cAMP

Front 23

Low COH --> _____ cAMP

Back 23

High

Front 24

The ______ is triggered and measured through transcription through ribosome, whereas the cAMP detected the lactose in the lac operon

Back 24

trp

Front 25

A set of 3 amino acids that tell the RNA what protein to lay down

Back 25

Codon

Front 26

4 parts of the attnuator sequence:

Back 26

1:2, 2:3, and 3:4; Normally 1:2 and 3:4; if 2:3 then there is no terminator

Front 27

What determines if 3 binds to 4 in the attnuator sequence?

Back 27

The pausing of the ribosome

Front 28

_______ have a nucleus, DNA is packed into chromatic, DNA has repetitive sequence, monocistronic genes are the norm, genes are split

Back 28

Eukaryotic

Front 29

How many kinds of RNA polymerase are there?

Back 29

3

Front 30

Process that finds the 5' end, synthesizes another strand, and then chops off each end of the 5' side

Back 30

S1 Mapping

Front 31

__________ are found independent of location, they can be found anywhere

Back 31

Enhancers

Front 32

__________ proteins have two domains: a DNA binding domain, and a connecting domain

Back 32

Activator

Front 33

__________ make it easier for RNA polymerase to bind

Back 33

Activators

Front 34

__________ make it more difficulte for RNA polymerase to bind

Back 34

Restrictors

Front 35

__________ determine is genes are turned on or off, or if genes are transcribed

Back 35

Transcription Factors

Front 36

__________ can determine of the transcription factors are turned on or off

Back 36

Phosphorylation and ligands

Front 37

__________ bind in the majore groove of the DNA molecule

Back 37

Zinc Fingers

Front 38

__________ is required for modifying mRNA, but it must be phosphorylated

Back 38

CTD (this occurs while capping the 5' end)

Front 39

When an RNA is transcribed it contains both the _________ and the _________

Back 39

introns, exons

Front 40

__________ have specific boundaries in a cell and it's almost certain that it lies within those

Back 40

Introns

Front 41

The _____________ is in the middle of the intron which allows for the cutting of the RNA and splicing to the amino acid, and then brings the exon together

Back 41

branch site

Front 42

_________ uses transesterification

Back 42

Splicing

Front 43

__________ consists of snRNPs

Back 43

Spliceosomes

Front 44

__________ holds up in such a way that it acts like an enzyme and breaks bonds

Back 44

Intron

Front 45

Transcription factors which use zinc ions to form the proper DNA binding domain

Back 45

Zinc Finger Proteins

Front 46

Which of the following is NOT a cis-acting site?

Back 46

Repressors

Front 47

The lac operon is expressed at its highest level when glucose levels in the environment are low and lactose levels are high. True or False.

Back 47

True

Front 48

What is the purpose of the -35 and -10 sites in the bacterial promoter?

Back 48

Sigma factor, a part of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, recognizes the -35 site and then orients the entire enzyme complex on the promoter to "melt" the DNA around the -10 site so transcription can begin.

Front 49

The coding strand in DNA contains the complementary bases to the sequences found on the transcribed RNA. True or false?

Back 49

False