Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
RNA is read from ________ and synthesized from ______
|
5-3, 3-5
|
|
|
Capping only occurs in _______
|
Eukaryotes
|
|
|
Polycistonic is found in what kind of RNA?
|
mRNA
|
|
|
Ribosomes don't _______ transcripts of trp operon
|
attenuate
|
|
|
RNA polymerase ____ factors to bind to promoter
|
sigma
|
|
|
Rho binds to ______ sites
|
rut
|
|
|
What 3 factors are involved in termination of transcription?
|
Rho, rut, and terminator sequences
|
|
|
When lactose is present, a _______ binds to the _______ and promotes transcription?
|
|
|
|
If you have 2 base codons, after 4 generations, you have _______ amino acids
|
16
|
|
|
O.D. measures _______
|
quantity
|
|
|
What 4 things activate transcription?
|
Phosphorylation, being expressed, ligands, dephosphorylation
|
|
|
Central Dogma
|
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
|
|
|
Process of DNA --> RNA
|
Transcription
|
|
|
Process of RNA --> Protein
|
Translation
|
|
|
Enzyme used in transcription
|
RNA Polymerase
|
|
|
Enzyme used in translation
|
Ribosomes
|
|
|
Process of DNA --> DNA
|
Replication
|
|
|
Enzyme used in replication
|
DNA Polymerase
|
|
|
Where does replication occur?
|
Nucleus
|
|
|
Where does transcription occur?
|
Nucleus
|
|
|
Where does translation occur?
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
|
The mechanism of DNA replication is _______.
|
Semiconservative
|
|
|
What would be the correct sequence of RNA transcribed from the following strand of DNA : attgcacggaatccc
|
auugcacggaauccc
|
|
|
RNA differs from DNA where?
|
2' Carbon
|
|
|
A nucleotide is composed of what?
|
Ribose, Phosphate, and a Base
|
|
|
The primary structure of a protein cosists of ______
|
A sequence of amino acids
|
|
|
What type of bond does not participate in protein folding?
|
Phosphodiester
|
|
|
What is the function of ribosomes?
|
They chain amino acids together in the correct order as specified by a template mRNA molecule
|
|
|
What are enzymes?
|
Proteins that catalyze the conversion of a substrate to a product
|
|
|
What do restriction endonucleases do?
|
They digest DNA at the recognition sequences
|
|
|
Electrophoresis uses electricity to separate nucleic acids or proteins based on ______
|
size
|
|
|
If an mRNA contains 366 nucleotides between and including the start codon and the stop codon, how many amino acids does it code for?
|
121
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction?
|
It synthesizes a large amount of DNA using a small amountof template
|
|
|
What is a selectable marker?
|
A gene that is used to determine which cells contain a plasmid (usually killing the cells that don't)
|
|
|
What are 3 components of a plasmid used for cloning?
|
Restriction enzyme recognition sites, bacterial origin of replication, selectable marker
|
|
|
Which kind of RNA serves as a template for translation?
|
mRNA
|
|
|
Which kind of RNA is an adaptor between mRNA and amino acids?
|
tRNA
|
|
|
Which kind of RNA catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds?
|
rRNA
|
|
|
Which kind of RNA is a component of the splicesome that removes introns from mRNA?
|
snRNA
|
|
|
What happens at a promoter?
|
RNA polymerase binds
|
|
|
Introns are cut out of ______.
|
RNA
|
|
|
DNA is synthesized in the _________ direction
|
5'-3'
|
|
|
Protein synthesis occurs in the _______ direction.
|
N to C
|
|
|
RNA is synthesized in the ________ direction
|
5'-3'
|
|
|
Structure of protein which amino acids make up the protein
|
Primary
|
|
|
Structure of protein that involves disulfide bonds, covalent bonds, interaction, and the chain starts to turn back on itself; involves localized structures such as alpha helix, beta pleated sheets and random structures
|
Secondary
|
|
|
Structure of protein that is a 3 dimentional structure of the entire protein complex with two or more put together
|
Tertiary
|
|
|
Structure of protein that for some proteins offers function
|
Quaternary
|
|
|
How one part of a protein influences another part of a protein
|
Allosteric Regulation
|
|
|
7 Factors that influence eukaryotic transcription regulation
|
Phosphorylation, being expressed, ligands, dephosphorylation, cleavage factor, changing of binding partners, release of inhibitors
|
|
|
FISHING is used to monitor ________ and ________
|
recombination, translocation
|
|
|
What is molecular biology?
|
The study of life at the molecular level.
|
|
|
The ______ of a molecule determines its function.
|
structure
|
|
|
A sequence of DNA that is involved in constructing a polypeptide chain
|
Gene
|
|
|
Characteristics of a gene
|
genotype, phenotype, heritable, codes for a product, contributes to a function
|
|
|
Strong bonds
|
Covalent
|
|
|
Weak bonds
|
Hydrogen, Ionic, Hydrophobic
|
|
|
Discovered the nucleus and nuclein in the nucleus and his student renamed it nucleic acid
|
Miescher
|
|
|
Base + Sugar -->
|
Nucleocide
|
|
|
Nucleocide + P -->
|
Nucleotides
|
|
|
1' Carbon _______
|
binds to N
|
|
|
3' Carbon _______
|
doesn't do much
|
|
|
5' Carbon _______
|
binds to P
|
|
|
Chargaff's Rule states:
|
# of Pyrimidines = # of Purines
|
|
|
Came up with the correct model of the DNA
|
Watson and Crick
|
|
|
Characteristics of the double helix
|
strands are anti-parallel, h bonds hold the bases together, they are grouped into minor and major grooves
|
|
|
_______ have more H bonds and require more energy to break them up
|
C and G
|
|
|
In bacteria and plasmids, when DNA strands begin to twist back on itself and have twist within twists
|
Supercoiling
|
|
|
______ release tension and allow the strands to uncoil
|
Topoisomerases
|
|
|
3 concepts when using tools of molecular biology
|
Separation, Identification, Quantification
|
|
|
______ is the short arm and _______ is the long arm of a chromosome
|
P-arm, Q-arm
|
|
|
The center of the chromosome
|
Centromere
|
|
|
Cut and Paste
|
DNA
|
|
|
Copy and Paste
|
Retro
|
|
|
3 main steps of transcription
|
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
|
|
|
_______ doesn't need a primer
|
RNA Polymerase
|
|
|
Person who studied the nucleosome and histones
|
Roger Kornberg
|
|
|
The trombone structure has to keep replicating for each _________.
|
Okasaki fragment
|
|
|
The loop to form the DNA but create a problem because one strand is longer than the other (leading is longer)
|
Telomers
|
|
|
Pulls the two strands apart
|
Helicase
|
|
|
Enzyme which lays down the primer
|
Primase
|
|
|
Makes the leading and lagging strands, Okazaki fragments
|
DNA Polymerase III
|
|
|
Once the primers are removed, the RNA is taken away and the gap is filled in by this
|
DNA Polymerase I
|
|
|
Seals the bond between the Okazaki fragments
|
Ligase
|
|
|
During DNA damage, bacterias uses ________ while humans use ________ to repair damaged DNA
|
photoliases, polymerase
|
|
|
What detects where DNA is broken and can't repair?
|
Damethylate
|
|
|
Process where and enzyme takes out the mutation then goes back in with a polymerase and ligase
|
Methylation
|
|
|
____ is when a G and A bind together, while ______ is when a G and a T bind together.
|
Transversion, Transition
|
|
|
________ is used to perform deamination on bases; it keeps the base together, but changes the base on the sugar
|
Glycosylase
|
|
|
When 2 chromosomes "cross over" and swap DNA
|
Recombination
|
|
|
_________ shows different ways that the DNA can cut and cross over (either horizontally or vertically)
|
Holladay Junction
|
|
|
With ______ recombination you don't get much swapping
|
Patch
|
|
|
With ______ recombination you get more swapping
|
Splice
|
|
|
Patch recombination is cut _______, while splice is cut _______.
|
horizontally, vertically
|
|
|
__________ is used to see what the gene controls
|
Gene Knock Out Technology
|
