Mmbio 221 Test 4

Front 1

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

Back 1

* An intoxication due to staphylococcal enterotoxins present in food. They are heat resistant.
Timecourse: 1-48 hours
Symptoms: diarrhea or dysentery,abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting. Usually not lethal.
Treatment: oral rehydration therapy for fluids/electrolytes

Front 2

Shigellosis

Back 2

*An infection caused- bacterium Shigella
Timecourse: 12 hour- weeks
Transmission: fecal/oral Symptoms: dysentery, tissue damage.
Pathogenic mechanisms: Invades M cells by membrane ruffling and multiplies inside the cell. Invades neighboring epithelial cells by capturing the cells actin and propelling itself. Shiga toxin destroys epithelial tissue by halting protein synthesis.
Treatment: Antibiotics (ampicillin/quinolones) and fluids

Front 3

Salmonellosis

Back 3

* An infection caused by bacterium Salmonella. One of the most prevalent
food-borne diseases.
Timecourse: 12 hour- 36 hours
Transmission: fecal/oral
Symptoms: nausea and diarrhea, encephalitis/sepsis. Pathogenic mechanisms: Acid tolerance for surviving the stomach, flagella inhibits phagocytosis, survive in both macrophages and epithelial cells, blocks phagosome/lysosome fusion, type III secretion system injects several effector proteins (causing membrane ruffling/bacterial internalization and more), contains lots (SOD's), phase variation mechanisms for changing the cell exterior and avoiding immune system, multi-drug resistance

Front 4

Cholera

Back 4

*An infection caused by Vibrio cholerae
Timecourse: 4 hours- weeks
Transmission: fecal/oral
Symptoms: Mostly mild but can cause severe diarrhea, tissue damage leading to a 50% mortality rate if untreated.
Pathogenic mechanisms: Pili and biofilms allow it to survive in water and in stomach, alternate pili expression allows its attachment to the intestine where it releases toxins that cause host cells to secrete water and electrolytes (3-5 gallons/day)!
Treatment: Antibiotics and fluids

Front 5

Giardiasis

Back 5

*An infection caused by protozoan Giardia lamblia
Transmission: fecal/oral
Symptoms: dysentery, tissue damage.
Pathogenic mechanisms: Alternates between an active trophozoite and a cyst. Adheres to the intestinal wall creating mechanical irritation/damage as well as a damaging immune response.
Treatment: Metronidazol/quinacrine and fluids

Front 6

Cryptosporidiosis

Back 6

*An infection caused protozoan
Cryptosporidium hominis.
Transmission: fecal/oral
Symptoms: self-limiting diarrhea; may be lifethreatening in immunosuppressed persons.
Pathogenic mechanisms: intestinal cell death is due to replication of protozoan inside of cells AND T-cell inflammatory response. Oocyts are excreted in stool and then ingested by new hosts.
Treatment: fluids

Front 7

Periodontal Disease

Back 7

*An infection primarily by bacteria of the Porphyromas species.
Transmission: direct contact or fomites
Symptoms: bad breath, discoloration of teeth, receding gums, tender/sore gums, bleeding, loose or shifting teeth.
Pathogenic mechanisms: Pili/fimbrae facilitate attachment to teeth/gums, biofilm production, hemin allows iron import for bacteria, produces proteolytic enzymes to attack tooth ligaments/tissue (including collagenase), toxins further irritate/inflame gums
Treatment: scaling, antibiotics, surgery, personal hygiene (mouth wash, flossing, brushing, etc.)

Front 8

Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease

Back 8

*An infection caused by the microaerobic bacterium Helicobacter pylori
Transmission: fecal/oral
Symptoms: abdominal pain,
ulcer formation
Pathogenic mechanisms: Adhesins to bind to membrane lipids and carbohydrates to bind to epithelial lining. Urease neutralizes stomach acid. Epithelial cells are damaged by products of urease plus proteases, cytotoxins and phospholipases. Hcp's stimulate macrophage development. Cytokines released by epithelial cells in response to H. pylori cell wall leads to inflammation of stomach lining.
Treatment: Antibiotics (ampicillin/quinolones) and
fluids

Front 9

Hepatitis A,B, C, D and E

Back 9

* An infection caused by several viruses
Transmission:
A- blood and stool
B&D- blood and other body fluids
C- blood to blood contact
D- fecal/oral
Symptoms:
A& E: fatigue, fever, jaundice, clay-colored feces (may also be asymptomatic)
B, C&D: loss of appetite,nausea, vomiting,body aches, fever, dark urine, risk of liver cancer (may also be asymptomatic)
Pathogenic mechanisms: replication in hepatocytes
Treatment: varies but includes interferons and otheer antivirals as well as vaccines

Front 10

Nematode Helminthic Disease

Back 10

*An infection caused by a cylindrical, tapered nematode (over 6,000 parasitic species!)
Transmission: ingested eggs from contaminated sheets/clothing/soil (cuts) or meat.
Symptoms: gastrointestinal discomfort, listlessness, weightloss, anorexia, vomiting, (may also affect lung and heart)
Pathogenic mechanisms: destroy local tissue, release toxic byproducts, stimulate immune response/inflammation.

Front 11

Gonorrhea

Back 11

*Infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Transmission: STD
Symptoms: burning and pain while urinating, increased urination, sore throat. Pain in testicles, red/swollen opening of penis (Men). Vaginal discharge and/or pain in lower abdomen (Women).
Pathogenic mechanisms: Pili and Opa proteins help attach to epithelial cells or phagocytes and stimulates endocytosis into the cell, also inactivate immune response. Antigenic variation of surface proteins. Bacterial cell lysis leads to lipooligosaccharide (LOS) release which stimulates inflammatory response, antibiotic resistance
Treatment: many types of antibiotics

Front 12

Syphilis

Back 12

*Infection caused by spirochete Treponema pallidum.
Transmission: STD and also kissing
Symptoms: small sores called chancre appear first, next a red/brown skin rash on hands and feet with mucous membrane lesions, fever, swollen lymph glands, soar throat, etc. Only 15% of people develop late stage: damage to internal organs, nerves, bones causing paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness, dementia, difficulty coordinating muscles,possible death.
Pathogenic mechanisms: Corkscrew motility allows swimming in gel-like fluids and penetration of mucous membranes and hook end attaches to cell. Produces several lipoproteins that induce inflammatory response.
Treatment: injection of penicillin

Front 13

Vaginitis- Candida albicans

Back 13

*Infection of the vagina caused by Candida albicans, a yeast
Symptoms: yeasty discharge from vagina, irritation/pain, pH<4; causes significant morbidity/mortality in immunocompromised persons.
Pathogenic mechanisms: adhesins for adhesion to host cells, antigenic variation, morphogenesis (switches growth forms)
Treatment: antifungals

Front 14

Vaginitis- Trichomonas vaginalis

Back 14

*Infection of the vagina caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan
Symptoms: foul smelling greenish/yellow vaginal discharge and irritation, benign unless pregnant, then linked to low birth weight/preterm delivery.
Pathogenic mechanisms: adhesins, etc. for adhesion to host cells, also proteinases that may degrade extracellular matrix proteins like collagen
Treatment: Metronidazole (deactivates enzymes in
anaerobic organisms)

Front 15

Genital Herpes

Back 15

*Infection caused by Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). Over 1/4 of persons over the age of 25 are infected!
Transmission: STD, can cause spontaneous abortion/birth defects
Symptoms: painful vesicles on genitals, viral latency in nerves
Pathogenic mechanisms: After infection it travels up nerve endings to sensory nerve cells where it remains latent for a lifetime. Initial outbreak and reoccurances due to viral production/replication in nerve cells. These offspring travel down the nerve axon to the terminals on the skin and are released (causing blisters).
Treatment: acyclovir for suppression of symptoms (no cure)

Front 16

Genital Warts

Back 16

* Infection caused by the (HPV), > 1 million cases/year in the US
Transmission: STD
Symptoms: mostly asymptomatic, less than 1% develop genital warts, also causes 99% of cervical cancers and some cancers of the penis. 90% ofcases clear on their own.
Pathogenic mechanisms: infects keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membrane. Viral replication can lead to warts. Viral E7 protein inhibits apoptosis and can lead to cancer
Treatment: Imiquimod, removal of warts
Prevention: Gardisil vaccination and safe sex practices

Front 17

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

Back 17

*An infection caused by (UPEC). Can lead to pyelonephritis
Transmission: fecal to urinary tract
Diagnosis: >100 CFU/ml urine
Pathogenic Mechanisms: pili for invasion and adherence to bladder lining, hemolysin toxin (exfoliates bladder lining and kills macrophages), intracellular growth, type III secretion system, can remain dormant for weeks allowing it to evade the antibiotics/immune system, antibiotic resistance
Treatment: antibiotics