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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hematology is the study of what?
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blood (a tissue) and its constituents including cellular types and proteins involved in clotting
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What stain and instrument is used to study and count RBCs?
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-Wright stain/Romanowski stain
-hemacytometer |
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Describe the young RBCs that have a slight blue gray tint and are slightly larger than other RBCs.
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-reticulocyte
-counts are done using supravital stains (New Methylene Blue-N) -increased reticulocytes indicate increased RBC production |
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Medical term for WBCs.
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leukocytes
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Describe the type of WBCs that have granules. Describe their appearance when stained.
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-granulocytes: have segmented nuclei and cytoplasmic granules
-neutrophils have fine neutrophilic granules -eosinophils have orange granules. -basophils have dark blue granules |
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Name the two agranulocytes and describe their appearance when stained.
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-lyphocytes: generally smaller than granulocytes and usually do not have segmented nuclei
-monocytes: contain a lobular nucleus with a folded, finely net-like chromatin pattern, and their cytoplasm |
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What is CBC and what does it include?
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-complete blood count
-WBC count, RBC count, HGB, HCT, and stained peripheral smear examination |
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When using a hemacytometer, what ratio is blood diluted and what units are used?
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-1:200 saline dilution
-units = number of RBCs/L -example: 4.2 x 10^12/L |
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Describe how HGB concentration is measured. What units are used?
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-hemoglobin is measured spectrophotometrically at 540 nm, using Drabkin solution, converting HGB to cyanomethemoglobin
-Units = g/dL (normal about 14 g/dl) |
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What is HTC, how is it measured, and what units are used?
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-hematocrit: packed RBC volume
-measured by centrifuging a capillary tube filled with blood and determining the % of the total blood column that is RBCs -units = % (normal about 42%) |
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Describe MCV.
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-Mean Corpuscular Volume
-Measure of average RBC volume -MCV = HCT/RBC -MCV = HCT X 10 /RBC x 1012/L -Units = fL (femtoliters) (normal about 90 fL) |
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Describe MCH.
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-Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
-Measure of average mass of HGB per RBC in a sample -MCH = total HGB mass/# RBCs -MCH = HGB g/dL x 10/RBC x 1012/L Units = pg (picograms) (normal about 30 pg) |
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Describe MCHC.
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-Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
-measurement of HGB concentration in a given volume of packed RBCs -MCHC = HGB/HCT -MCHC = HGB g/dl x 100/ HCT % Units = g/dL (normal about 33 g/dL) |
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What is the relationship between indices and instrument calibration?
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Indices are very stable within a normal population so following a moving average on an automated hematology analyzer can be used to detect when the instrument is straying out of calibration
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Describe the cellular component: nucleus.
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-contains DNA & nucleoproteins. Stains with basic dyes
-composed of: --nuclear envelope: surrounds nucleus & consists of inner & outer membrane (outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum) --chromatin: nucleic acids & protein --nucleoli: Site of synthesis of ribosomes |
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Describe the cellular component: cytoplasm.
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-cytosol: the cytoplasmic matrix, a homogeneous aqueous solution
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Describe the cellular component: golgi complex.
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-system of stacked, membrane-bound, flattened vesicles located near the nucleus
-appears clear when stained with Wright stain |
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Describe the cellular component: endoplasmic reticulum.
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-lacelike network of membrane throughout the cytoplasm
-has the form of sheets sacks and tubes. -rough ER is studded with ribosomes which synthesize protein. -smooth ER has no ribosomes but may store protein |
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Describe the cellular component: ribosomes.
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-small structures composed of protein and RNA
-their increased number in cells actively producing protein cause the cytoplasm to stain shades of blue with Romanowski stains |
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Describe the cellular component: mitochondria.
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-structures in which energy is produced.
-contain DNA and ribosomes and are able to multiply in proportion to the energy needs of the cell. -does not stain with Wright stain |
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Describe the cellular component: lysosome.
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-small structures containing hydrolytic enzymes bound within a membrane.
-stain as azurophilic granules with Wright stain. -interact with phagocytic vacuoles to release hydrolytic enzymes into the vacuole |
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Describe the cellular component: microfilaments.
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-fibrils containing actin and myosin
-located near the nucleus and assist in cell division. -intermediate filaments provide structural support and are detectable as cancer markers |
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Describe the cellular component: microtublues.
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-consist of tubulin and contribute to cell shape and movement of some organelles.
-make up the mitotic spindle at mitosis and form structure which stain With Wright stain as Cabot rings |
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Describe the cellular component: centrioles.
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-paired structures made up of nine bundles of three microtubules within each bundle.
-cylindrical and serve as insertion points for the mitotic spindle |
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Name the phases of hematopoiesis.
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-yolk sac phase
-liver phase -medullary phase -adult phase |
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When does the yolk sac phase of hematopoiesis begin?
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-around the 19th day of embryonic development
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Describe the liver phase of hematopoiesis.
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-at 4-5 weeks liver becomes erythropoietic center and remains so until one to two weeks after birth
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Describe the medullary phase of hematopoiesis.
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-by five months, hematopoiesis begins in the bone marrow and by six months the bone marrow is the primary site of blood cell production
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Describe the adult phase of hematopoiesis.
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-bone marrow contains developing erythroid, myeloid, megakaryocitic and lymphoid cells
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What is the term when blood cell production occurs outside the marrow?
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extramedullary
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Name 3 cytokines that affect the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells found in bone marrow.
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-interleukins
-interferons -conlony stimulating factors |
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Name the cells of the erythroid line from least to most mature.
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-pronormoblast
-basophilic normoblast -polychromatophilic normoblast -orthochromic normoblast -reticulocyte -erythrocyte |
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What distinguishes a pronormoblast stain?
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-large cell and large nucleus
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What distinguishes a basophillic normoblast stain?
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-slightly dense nucleus and characteristic blue stain from proteins
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What distinguishes a polychromatic normoblast?
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-slighly larger than RBC
-dense, pink and blue nucleus |
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What distinguishes a orthochromic normoblast?
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-very dense nucleus
-slight pink cell |
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-What distinguishes a reticulocyte stain?
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-pink cell
-remnants of nucleus (blue fragmented stains) |
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How long does it take for a RBC to mature and how long do the last?
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-about 2 weeks to mature
-lasts about 120 days |
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What hormone stimulates the production of RBCs and how is it secreted?
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-eyrthropoetin (EPO)
-hypoxia of the peripheral blood causes peritubular cells of the kidney to secrete erythropoetin |
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Name 3 functions of EPO.
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-prevents cell death of RBC precursors
-reduces the number of times precursors divide before beginning maturation -speeds up cell division |
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Where are old RBCs collected and destroyed?
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-spleen
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Loss of oxygen-carrying capacity (reduce RBC count)
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anemia
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buffy coat
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WBCs and platelets of HCT
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decrease WBC count
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leukopenia
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increase WBC count
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leukocytosis
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increase in neutrophils
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neutrophilia
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decrease in neutrophils
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neutropenia
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increased monocyte count
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monocytosis
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low platelet count
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thrombocytopenia
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