Mlt Urinalysis (Week 01)

Front 1

Main Functions of the Kidney

Back 1

• Regulates composition & volume of extracellular fluid.
• Removal of waste products & toxins. (ex. medications and by-products of metabolism, organic acids, urea, ammonia.)
• Acid/base balance
• Retains essential nutrients. (Glucose, electrolytes, water, protein.)
• Production & secretion of hormones. (Renin - involved in blood pressure, - etc.)

Front 2

Renal Blood Flow & Arteriole Size Significance

Back 2

• Blood enters kidney through renal artery. (branches into smaller afferent arterioles & eventually glomerulus.)
• Ultrafiltrate in bowman's capsule similar to plasma except no large cells/molecules (WBCs, RBCs, proteins, lipids.)
• Blood leaves kidney through efferent arteriole. (smaller than afferent arteriole, which creates hydrostatic pressure, which aids filtration.)
• In the Vasa Recta substances are exchanged between blood and renal tubules.
• Efferent arterioles join to form renal vein and leave kidney.

Front 3

Semi-Permeable Membrane Importance

Back 3

Pore size in fenestrated capillary endothelium doesn't allow for passage of large molecules/protein, lipids, or blood cells.

Glomerular basement membrane is a charge barrier (has negative charge, so repels other negative charges, like proteins.)

Podocytes create slits.

Front 4

Normal vs Abnormal Urine

Back 4

Normal urine contains:

• Sugars (not glucose)
• Citric acid
• Lipid components (FFAs, cholesterols)
• Hormones
• Vitamins & medications
• Mucous
• Crystals
• Cells (small #s)
• Casts (small #s)

Abnormal urine contains:

• Glucose
• Ketones
• Proteins
• Bilirubin
• Urobilinogen
• Lipids
• Phenylpyruvic acid
• Porphyrins
• WBCs, RBCs, casts
• Crystals (leucine, cystine, tyrosine)
• Bacteria
• Yeast
• Parasites
• Oval fat bodies

Front 5

Normal vs Abnormal Volume

Back 5

Normal volume is between 1200-1500mL per day.

Abnormal volume is <600mL (oliguria,) or >2000mL (polyuria.) Anuria is no urine formation.

Oliguria can be caused by dehydration, renal ischemia, exposure to toxins, renal obstructions (stones,) and acute glomerulonephritis (decreased filtration.)

Polyuria can be caused by increased water intake, diuretics (caffeine, alcohol, medications,) anxiety, disease (diabetes mellitus or insipidus,) or kidney disease (decreased reabsorption.)

Front 6

Reabsorption & Secretion

Back 6

Reabsorption

In the proximal convoluted tubule,