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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What analyte is measured by the Biuret rxn?
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Total protein.
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What analyte is measured by the Kjeldahl test?
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Total protein.
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Which serum total protein test measures Nitrogen content? Reference method.
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Kjeldahl
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Which serum total protein test depends on the presence of peptide bonds? Routine method.
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Biuret rxn.
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Name 3 substances that will be elevated in renal disease.
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BUN, creatinine & uric acid.
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Ref. range for BUN.
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7-18mg/dL
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What does azotemia mean?
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Elevated levels of urea in the blood.
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What does the Jaffe rxn measure?
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Creatinine.
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What is the significance of the BUN:Creatinine ratio?
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Determines the cause of an increased BUN. Higher ratios are due to non-renal causes. With renal disease the BUN & creatinine levels increase proportionately. The ratio will not be elevated.Normal ratio is 12-20.
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What is the creatinine clearance formula?
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U creat/P creat * Volume 24hr urine mL/1440 (min/24)
Creat clearance is expressed in mL/min. |
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What does the creatinine clearance measure?
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GFR
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Brom cresol green; purple & HABA-dye methods are specific measurments for what?
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Albumin.
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What is the preferred screening method for amino acid disorders?
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TLC
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SSA & TCA are methods frequently used to quantitate what?
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Protein in urine & serum.
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What amino acid disorder is associated with:
1. Brown pigments in connective tissue. 2. Photosensitivity & neurological problems. 3. Kidney stones. |
1. Alkaptonuria
2. Porphryrinuria 3. Cystinuria |
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What two hormones affect renal fx?
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Aldosterone(aka renin) & ADH.
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Of the three porphyrins: protoporphyrin, uroporphyrin, coproporphryn; which is only excreted in urine, which is only is feces, which can be excreted in either.
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Proto-Poo
Uro-Urine Copro-Combo of poo & urine |
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The Watson-Schwartz & Hoesch tests are screening tests for what?
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Porphyrins.
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What is the quantitative test for porphyrins?
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HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)
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Where is bilirubin produced?
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In the RE cells following the breakdown of RBCs.
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Which form of bilirubin is soluble in water? Alcohol?
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Direct is soluble in water; both are soluble in alcohol.
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What is the normal range for TOTAL bilirubin in an adult?
Conjugate? |
0.2-1.0 mg/dL
Conj: less than 0.2mg/dL |
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What would cause an increase in total bili with a normal concentration of direct bili?
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Pre-hepatic jaundice. (hemolysis)
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In HDN, what bilirubin fraction is elevated & why?
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Indirect due to excessive breakdown of RBCs by maternal Ab.
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Name 2 conditions where direct bili is elevated.
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Hepatic & post-hepatic jaundice.
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Which bilirubin is bound to albumin?
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Indirect.
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What methods are used for bili assay?
Which is classic & which is the most widely used today? |
Evelyn Malloy-classic; Jendrassik-Grof- most widely used today.
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In obstructive jaundice which bili portion is higher?
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Direct.
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What test is used to assess the livers ability to detoxify and excrete chemicals? (Substance that can be measured)
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Ammonia.
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How is ammonia usually removed from the body?
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Converted to urea and excreted through the kidneys.
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Increased fecal and urine urobilinogen is indicative of what condition?
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Hemolytic anemia.
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Which hepatitis results in the most CHRONIC cases than any of the other hepatitis viruses?
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Hep C.
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What protein has the smallest molecular weight?
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Albumin.
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What is the pH of proteins on SPE?
What is the order of migration toward the anode? |
8.6 and are negatively charged migrating to the anode(positively charged pole)Albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta & gamma
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Which type of alpha globulins (1 or 2) are Haptoglobin & Ceruloplasmin?
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alpha 2 globulins
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Which type of alpha globulins (1 or 2) are antitrypsin (AAT) and alphafetoprotein (AFP)?
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alpha 1 globulins
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What is the most concentrated solute in the blood?
What is the reference range for this solute? |
Protein.
6-8 g/dL. |
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What is the waste product of protein catabolism?
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Urea.
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How would hemolysis affect the serum total protein level?
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Hbg in the serum would increase it.
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What is the normal A:G ratio?
Albumin:Globulin |
1:1.8
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How is the concentration of globulins determined from the chemistry profile?
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By subtracting albumin from serum total protein levels.
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How would you calculate the A:G ratio given the total protein level and albumin level?
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TP-albumin=globulin
albumin/globulin=A:G |
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In the body, what charge do most proteins carry?
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At a pH of 7.4 proteins are negatively charged. [anions]
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Which is pos & neg pole on SPE?
1. Anode 2. Cathode |
1. Pos
2. Neg |
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What causes increased albumin?
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Dehydration.
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What SPE region is increased during and acute phase/inflammatory process?
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Alpha-1 & 2 globulins are increased.
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What is beta-gamma bridging?
What Ig class causes this? What disease is this seen in? |
There is no valley btwn the beta & gamma regions of SPE b/c of increased IgA. Cirrhosis.
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Electrophoretic pattern seen in nephrotic syndrome.
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Albumin is decreased & alpha-2 is increased.
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Which Ig class is increased in Waldenstroms?
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IgM
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Which band is normal is urine elctrophoresis?
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Albumin; it is the smallest weight and crosses the glomerular membrane in VERY small amts and is excreted in the urine.
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Reminder: A few more questions can be found on page 63-64...in Q&A book.
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B/c I didn't see them earlier and don't feel like typing them now.
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