Mkgrady8 Host Composition, Architecture, And Structure Of Bac

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phenotypic classification definition

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based on morphological, physiological metabolic, ecological, and genetic characteristics; figure this out by making a culture and testing it

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phylogenetic classification definition

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based on evolutionary relationships (i.e. comparisons of proteins, nucleic acid base compositions, and nucleic acid homologies); figure this out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis

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the first word of a bacterial name is

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the generic name (genus) and is capitalized and italicized; it is often shortened by abbreviating with a single capital letter

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the second word of a bacterial name

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designates the species and is italicized but not capitalized

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bacterial species definition

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basic taxonomic group in microbial taxonomy which for bacteria is a collection of strains that share many stable properties in common and differ significantly from other groups of strains (not the same as classical sex=species because different bac species can give each other genes)

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ball shape

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coccus

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rod shape

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bacillus

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elongated ball shape

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coccobacillus

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elongated rod shape

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fusiform bacillus

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comma shape

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vibrio

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spring shape

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spirochete

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wave shape

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spirillum

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prokaryotic versus eukaryotic

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bacteria don't have- internal membrane bound organelles, can't carry out endocytosis or phagocytosis, are haploid, differ in composition of ribosome and lipids

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how to do a gram stain

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primary stain (crystal violet) and then mordant ethanolic iodine (Gram's iodine) and then decolorized with acetone ethanol and then counter stained with safranin red; gram positive bacteria appear purple and gram negative bacteria counter stain safranin (red)

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why do gram positive bacteria stain siolet

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due to the presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls which retains the crystal violet when these cells are treated with acetone ethanol; gram negative bacteria which have a much thinner peptidoglycan cell wall do not retain the crystal violet during the decoloring process and stain red with a counter stain (safranin)

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monotrichous definition

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single polar flagellum

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peritrichous definition

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flagella distributed over surface

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lophotrichous definition

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cluster of flagella at one end

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amphitrichous definition

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cluster of flagella at both ends

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flagella characteristics

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about 60 genes involved in flagella biosynthesis, assembly, and chemotaxis; type III secretion; filament made up of flagellin which is secreted through the hollow flagella; complex structure

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pili characteristics

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hollow cored hair like appendage composed of a protein "pilin"; may play a role in pathogenesis (very specific adhesive organelle/colorization factor antiphagocytic); pay play a role in DNA transfer (sex or F pilus); are antigenic and highly changeable (sometimes used to outflank the immune system)

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capsule and slime layers characteristics

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diffuse, able to wash off= slime layer; well organized, unable to wash off=capsule; polysaccharide, polypeptide, polyglutamic acid composition; smooth vs rough; anti phagocytic; promote adherence; excludes many hydrophobic antibiotics; protects against dehydration, bacteriophages, and ion/pH fluctuations; acts as a virulence factor; often antigenic

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the bacterial cell envelope may include

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outer membrane (gram negative), peptidoglycan cell wall, periplasm, cytoplasmic membrane

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outer membrane structure of gram negative bacteria

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asymmetric lipid structure- phospholipids with inner and outer leaflets, permeability barrier to hydrophobic agents like fatty acids, bile salts, antibiotics etc; OMPs- porins (OmpF and OmpC) structural (OmpA and LLP) transport systems, enzymes (phospholipase, proteases), multiple drug resistant (MDR) efflux pumps, protects against bile salts; enterobacterial common antigen (ECA)- an external glycoprotein (polysaccharide) found in the external leaflet of the outer membrane of enterobacteriaceae (contributes to its pathogenicity)

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LPS (lipopolysaccharides)(a part of the outer membrane in only gram negative bac) is made up of

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lipid A- 2 glucosamine diaccharide derivatives with fatty acids esterified to its hydroxyl groups (this is the part that inserts into the membrane because it has fatty acids), is responsible for the toxicity of LPS (endotoxin); core- the core joins the lipid A moiety to the O antigenic repeating oligosaccharide polymer and can be divided into an inner and an outer core, contains KDO sugar and is constant within a genus; O-antigen- a short repeating oligosaccharide polymer (antigenic, protective, rough versus smooth)

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peptidoglycan characteristics

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made up of glycan polymers linked together by peptide linkages; disaccharide repeating units of N-glutylglucosamine in beta-1,4 linkage with N-acetyl-muramic acid; the disaccharide repeating units are covalently linked to one another through peptide linkage; the tetra peptide often consists of alternating D and L amino acids 3 of which are not found in proteins; the tetra peptide side chains are often cross linked through a pentapeptide inner bridge often consisting of glycine; forms the cell wall of bacteria; is a very rigid macromolecule; maintains structural integrity of the cell; is thin (a single layer) in gram negative bacteria; is thick (multiple layers) in gram positive bacteria

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the 3 aas not found in proteins that are found in peptidoglycan

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D-glutamic acid, D-alanine, and diaminoopimelic acid (DAP)

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gram positive bateria have:

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a multilayered peptidoglycan cell wall (gram negative only have 1 layer)(gram negative= outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides on it (LPS) then periplasm with the single peptidoglycan layer and then cell membrane)(gram positive= multilayer peptidoglycan then cell membrane); large amounts of teichoic acids; polymers of glycerol or ribitol joined by phosphate groups and carrying one or more amino acids (D-alanine) or sugar (glucose) substitutes; attached to cell wall (NAM)- teichoic acids; attached to cell membrane- lipoteichoic acids; provide the cell surface with a net negative charge; not endotoxic

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cell wall deficient bacteria

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spheroplasts, protoplasts, L-forms and L-phase variants, and cell wall deficient bacteria (e.g. mycoplasma)

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spheroplasts are

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lysozyme treated gram negative bacteria

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protoplasts are

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lysozyme treated gram positive bacteria

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L-forms and L-phase variants are

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antibiotic treated

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cytoplasmic strucutres

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nucleoid/bacterial chromosome, ribosomes and polysomes, cytoplasmic inclusions, endospores, and cytoplasmic proteins

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DNA of bacterial found in

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bacterial chromosomes (a closed circular heterduplex of supercoiled DNA with a circumference 1000 times the length of the cell it resides in), plasmids, and phages

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ribosomes and polysomes in bacteria

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70S composed of 30S and 50S; 50S= 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA and 32 proteins; 30S=16S rRNA and 21 proteins; polysomes are chains of 70S ribosomes attached to mRNA

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cytoplasmic inclusions

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polymer store- glucose as glycogen granules; inorganic phosphate- polyphosphate granules; lipid- polly betahydroxybutyrate granules

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bacterial spores

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only found in gram positive bac; some bacteria can form very tough spores which are metabolically inactive and can survive a long time under very harsh conditions; spores can also survive very high or low temps and high UV radiation for extended periods; this makes them difficult to kill during sterilization (e.g. anthrax and clostridium difficile); spores are produced only by a few genera= bacillus species including anthracis (anthrax) and cereus (endotoxin causes about 5% of food poisoning), clostridium species including tetani (tetanus), perfringens (gangrene), and botulinum (botulism which is food poisoning from improperly canned food, difficile (diarrheal disease))

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bacterial endospores

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found in some gram positive bacteria (never in gram negative)(this is the sam thing as spores); resistant to heat, UV, organic solvents, disinfecting procedures; found in pathogenic bacteria- clostridium botulinum, C. tetani, C. perfringes, C. difficile, bacillus anthracis; are the product of cellular differentiation of the vegative parental cell and formed during a process called sporogenesis (the mother cell is called a sporangium); happens in a hostile environment to bring protection- will stick around in a passive state until a more favorable environment comes around