Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
2 reasons for mitosis (multicellular eukaryotes) |
grow and repair damage
|
|
|
term for the cell splitting in two
|
cytokinesis
|
|
|
totally condensed chromatin
|
chromosome
|
|
|
DNA + histone spools (not condensed)
|
chromatin
|
|
|
trait definition of gene
|
a unit of heritable information
|
|
|
little waistline of chromosome
|
centromere
|
|
|
protein belt that wraps around chromosome
|
kinetochore
|
|
|
when ONE chromosome is in the duplicated state, the 2 parts are called____
|
sister chromatids
|
|
|
a specific location on a gene
|
locus
|
|
|
cell with one set of instructions
|
haploid
|
|
|
cell with two sets of instructions
|
diploid
|
|
|
90-95% of the time, the cell is in _____
|
interphase
|
|
|
3 phases of interphase
|
G1, S, G2
|
|
|
when does the cell produce new organelles?
|
interphase
|
|
|
when does the cell replicate its genetic material?
|
S (synthesis) phase
|
|
|
6 phases of M (mitotic) phase
|
prophase
prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis |
|
|
the structure made of microtubules that helps in mitosis
|
mitotic spindle
|
|
|
where the assembly of the spindle begins
|
centrosome (animals only!)
|
|
|
another name for centrosome
|
microtubule-organizing center
|
|
|
a centrosome is made of 2 ___ at a right angle to each other.
|
centrioles
|
|
|
during which phases do the centrosomes move apart?
|
prophase and prometaphase
|
|
|
during which phase do the cells double in size?
|
G1
|
|
|
when are the organelles duplicated?
|
G1
|
|
|
what's G0
|
a long term adult stage where the cell isn't preparing for mitosis
|
|
|
what happens during the S phase?
|
DNA replication. by the end of S, chromosomes are in the duplicated state with sister chromatids attached at the centromere
|
|
|
when is the centriole pair replicated?
|
G2
|
|
|
when do the chromosomes begin condensing?
|
prophase
|
|
|
when does the nucleolus go away?
|
prophase
|
|
|
what do the centrosomes do during prophase?
|
start moving apart
|
|
|
when are the centrosomes at complete opposite ends of the cell?
|
metaphase
|
|
|
during metaphase, the kinetochore microtubules pull the chromosomes to the ____/____
|
metaphase plate/spindle equator
|
|
|
what main thing happens in anaphase?
|
kinetochore microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart
|
|
|
after they're pulled apart in anaphase, how many chromosomes are present in the cell? (humans)
|
92
|
|
|
what do the chromosomes do in telophase? what 2 things come back?
|
uncondense/relax
nucleolus appears and nuclear membrane forms |
|
|
what happens while telophase is finishing?
|
cytokinesis
|
|
|
when the animal cell is constricted at the equator, the wrinkle is called____
|
cleavage furrow
|
|
|
what do plant cells do during cytokinesis
|
cell plate formation
|
|
|
during what phase do kinetochores appear? disappear?
|
synthesis, anaphase
(only present when there are sister chromatids) |
|
|
what cells stay in G0 and what does this mean
|
they do not undergo mitosis
skeletal muscle neurons heart muscle |
|
|
centromere |
is the center piece that holds genetic material |
|
|
What occurs in the cell during the G2 phase? |
molecules and structures necessary for mitosis are synthesised pre-lab: "growth of cytoplasm, plasma membrane and organelles" |
|
|
Heteromorphic |
occurring in two or more different forms |
|
|
Interphase |
Nuclei is present chromosomes have not yet condensed |
|
|
Prophase |
Nuclear envelope disappears chromosomes form and are randomly distributed |
|
|
Anaphase |
centromere splits sister chromatids migrate to opposite ends of the cell |
|
|
telephse |
clevage furrow forms chromosomes unwind nuclear envelope reappears |
|
|
G1 |
G1 – growth of cytoplasm,plasma membrane and organelles |
|
|
S |
replication of DNA |
|
|
Mendel’s Law ofIndependent Assortment: |
The principle, originated by Gregor Mendel, stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together. How the chromosomes line up on the Metaphase plate is completely random |
|
|
Mendel’s Law of Segregation: |
Mendel also hypothesized that allele pairs separate randomly, or segregate, from each other during the production of gametes: egg and sperm. Because allele pairs separate during gamete production, a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait. When sperm and egg unite at fertilization, each contributes its allele, restoring the paired condition in the offspring. This is called the Law of Segregation. |
|
|
cell plate |
perpendicular to the axis of spindle |
|
|
meristems |
root tips of plants localized areas of rapid cell division due to active growth |
