Mitosis

Front 1

genome

Back 1

a cell's total hereditary endowment of DNA

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Chromosomes

Back 2

packages of DNA, each strand of which represents thousands of genes

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somatic cells

Back 3

all body cells except reproductive (46 chromosomes)

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gametes

Back 4

reproductive cells (23 chromosomes)

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chromatin

Back 5

DNA-protein complex in long thin fibers

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chromatin condensing

Back 6

occurs after genome is duplicated, chomosomes become densely coiled and folded

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sister chromatids

Back 7

each duplicated chromosome had 2 sister chromatids, which contain identical copies of the chromosome's dna molecule

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centromere

Back 8

chromosome waist

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mitosis

Back 9

division of the nucleus, makes up somatic cells

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cytokinesis

Back 10

division of cytoplasm

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meosis

Back 11

occurs in gonads: variation in cell division, how reproductive cells are formed (daughter cells have half as many chromosomes as parents)

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mitotic phase (M)

Back 12

shortest part of the cell cycle; includes mitosis and cytokinesis

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interphase

Back 13

90% of the cycle, cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division. divided into subphases:

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G1 First Gap

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cell growth

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S Phase

Back 15

synthesis of DNA: when chromosomes are duplicated

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G2 Second Gap

Back 16

cell grows more as it completes preparations for cell division

Front 17

mitotic spindle

Back 17

forms in the cytoplasm during prophase. consists of fibers made of microtiubules and proteins (tubulin). assembly begins in the centrosome (microtubule organizing center), centrosomes replicates during interphase, the tow move further apart during prophase and prometa as spindle microtubules grow out of them--spindle poles.

Front 18

kinetochore

Back 18

structure of proteins and specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere that face in opposite directions

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G2 of Interphase

Back 19

microtubules extend from centrosomes in arrays called asters. chromosomes have duplicated but are not distinguishable.

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prophase

Back 20

chromosomes become distinguishable, nucleioli dissapear, centrosomes move away from eachother, mitotic spindles form.

Front 21

prometaphase

Back 21

nuclear envelope fragments, microtubules extend to the middle of the cell towards center of the cell and kinetochores.

Front 22

metaphase

Back 22

centrosomes at poles, chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate, sister chromatids are attached to microtubules

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anaphase

Back 23

centromeres separate, chromatid considered a chromosome, move centromere first towards poles (kinetechores shorten), which are moving further apart, two cells are complete.

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telophase

Back 24

nuclear envelopes form, chromatin becomes less tightly coiled. cytokinesis (cleavage furrow) ensues.

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cleavage furrow (animal cells)

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shallow groove in the cell surgace near the old metaphase plate

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cell plate (plant cells)

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vesicles from golgi move towardsthe middle of cell and produce the cell plate.

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binary fission

Back 27

how proks reproduce. bacterial chrom is attached to plasma mem, chrom is replicated, and copies are attached at adjacent sites. membrane grows to separate. when it has grown 2x its size, membrane grows inward.

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cell cycle control system

Back 28

cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

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checkpoint

Back 29

critical control point where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle. its all up to G1 which triggers the whole thing or doesnt at all.
G0= not dividing (most cells are in this stage)

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cancer

Back 30

one cell goes through transformation, becomes cancer cells, does not have density inhibition, creates tumor, benign ones don't spread and can be removed, malignant ones=cancer. metastasis is when the cancer spreads, because it also doesnt need anchorage. this requires radiation etc. to treat, which can kill healthy cells.

Front 31

cyclin-dependent kinases

Back 31

ever present kinase must be attached to a cyclin, whose amount fluctuates, to trigger. first one was called MPF

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growth factor

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prtoein released by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide

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density-dependent inhibition

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crowded cells stop dividing

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anchorage dependence

Back 34

must be attached to substratum to divide