Mitochondria, Lysosome, Peroxisome & Glycolysis

Front 1

ciliated cells of respiratory tract

Back 1

mitochondria under them provide ATP for dynein for cilia beating

Front 2

break down of fatty acids

Back 2

in peoxisome get acetyl-CoA then move to mitochondria;

in mitochondira, fatty acids to acetyl-CoA to produce ATP

Front 3

only ion channel in human & where other places found

Back 3

porin,

ion pore only in bacterial membrane, outer mitochondrial membrane, outer chloroplast membrane

Front 4

mitochondrial DNA

Back 4

circular & in matrix

Front 5

where mitochondrial protein from

Back 5

most from nuclear genome + cytoplasmic ribosome; some from itself

Front 6

mitochondria target sequence

Back 6

amino terminus, unfolded for chaperon recognition through positive charge(lys,arg) every four amino acids

Front 7

fate of sperm mitochondria

Back 7

tagged with ubiquitin, degrade in embryo

Front 8

trigger of cell apoptosis

Back 8

release cytochrome C into cytoplasm

Front 9

cadiolipin

Back 9

conversion of fatty acids to cadiolipin, 2 phospholipid(4 fatty acids), in mitochondrial inner membrane, packed tightly against stress from proton motive force

Front 10

degrade protein property, signal

Back 10

ubiquitin tagged, signal is hydrophobic amino acids

Front 11

lysosome

Back 11

single membrane ( not like mitochondria 2 membrane)

no DNA,

interior is pH4.8

only in cytoplasm not in necleoplasm

Front 12

lysosome membrane properties(3)

Back 12

1. ATP pump H+, maintain low pH

2. Glycoprotein coat in inner surface, protect against own enzyme

3. transporter channel, break down out of lysosome

Front 13

how material brought to lysosome

Back 13

fuse membrane bound vesicle

Front 14

vesicle degraded by lysosome 3 ways

Back 14

1. endocytosis(invagination of membrane)

2. phagocytosis: macrophage & neutrophils eat opsonized(professor says opsinized) cells, e.g cells with Fc receptor by IgG antibody

3. autophagy: degrade own

Front 15

special function of lysosome(2)

Back 15

1.exocytose lysosome, degrade extracellular

2.after digestion, release residue, then become lipofuscin granule

Front 16

lysosome sorting

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mannose-6-phosphate(M6P receptor with M6P pH 6.5 not same lysosome, so will be recycled) direct lysosomal hydrolase from trans-Golgi to lysosome

Front 17

lysosome storage diseases(2)

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1. I cell disease: defective phosphotransferase --- no M6P --- no lysosome hydroxylase to lysosome --- accumulation

2. Tay-Sachs disease: absense hexoaminidase A which breakdown glycolipid --- lysosome in neuron filled with glycolipid & neuron enlarge --- relentless motor, mental deterioration & dementia

Front 18

peroxisome

Back 18

single membrane, no DNA, import all protein(unlike mitochondria)

Front 19

function of peroxisome(5)

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1. detoxify ( small molecules)

2. use O to remove H from organic substrate get H2O2( mitochondria & peroxisome use a lot oxygen)

3.breakdown long fatty acids(beta- oxidation), shorten long chain become aceytl-CoA then to mitochondria

4. synthesis of bile acids: H2O2 convert cholesterol form smooth ER to bile acids

5. synthesis of plasmalogen(special phospholipids) which used to make myelin

Front 20

what enzyme used in peroxisome

Back 20

catalase, use H2O2 to oxidize

Front 21

difference between oxidation of fatty acids in peroxisome & in mitochondria

Back 21

in peroxisome, no ATP produced, electrons to O2 form H2O2

Front 22

peroxisomal target sequence(PTS)

Back 22

add 3 amino acids to COOH terminus of protein

Front 23

De Novo formation

Back 23

pre-peroxisome vesicle from ER --- PTS-containing protein in --- full peroxisome

Front 24

zellweger's syndrome

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2 mutant copy of PTS receptor --- no protein into peoxisome

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s

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