Mississippi History

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Most volunteers from Mississippi for the Confederate States of America served in the

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Army of Tennessee

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2. How did the casualties in the Battle of Shiloh compare to those of the American Revolution?

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a. The Battle of Shiloh had 22, 872 casualties. This number was higher than the battle casualties during the American Revolution.

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3. Why was Vicksburg such a strategic point during the Civil War?

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a. Vicksburg was the only channel that connected the parts of the Confederacy divided by the Mississippi. Capturing Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two.

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4. How did Confederate commanders thwart Grant’s first attempt to take Vicksburg?

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a. The Ironclad ship The Arkansas, came in to choke off reinforcement in the Pearl River.

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5. How many white men from Mississippi did Colonel J.L. Power estimate fought for the Confederacy?

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a. 78,000 white men fought for the confederacy. This percentage is about 50% of the State’s white population.

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6. What did Nathan Bedford Forrest do in Memphis in an attempt to stop Sherman’s March to the Sea?

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a. Nathan Bedford Forrest attempted to cut railroad supply lines to Sherman’s army in order to stop his march to the sea.

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7. In what year did the Civil War begin, and in what year did it end?

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a. 1861-1865

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8. Into what two periods is Reconstruction divided? What are the dates for each?

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1865-1867 Presidential Reconstruction. 1867-1875 Congressional or Radical

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9. Who were carpetbaggers, and who were scalawags?

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Carpetbaggers were northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction. Scalawags were southern Republicans who collaborated with Republicans.

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10. What were the Black Codes, and why did Mississippi legislators enact them?

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Black Codes were a set of laws that were drawn up after the Civil War with the intent of limiting black freedom; laws such as the law forbidding black men from owning farm land. This enabled white men to hold black men in low paying jobs. This form of enslavement created a black class that remained poor into the next century.

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33. What is the evidence that Americans kept moving after World War II?

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1950-1970 3 to 4% of Americans moved across state lines every year.

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34. How many Southerners left the countryside during World War II?

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3.2 million southerners left the countryside during WW2.

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35. Which black Southerners migrated during World War II, where did they mainly come from, and where did they mostly go?

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Young black southerners between teens and 20's. They mostly went to Chicago or Detroit.

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35. Which black Southerners migrated during World War II, where did they mainly come from, and where did they mostly go?

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They left Appalachia, young people. Teens to 20's. Went to Detroit and Chicago.

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9. How did Governor Paul Coleman’s handling of a proposed VA hospital illustrate the strategy of practical segregationists?

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Governor Paul Coleman was a “practical segregationist.” When many Mississippians called on him to turn the segregated hospital down, he disagreed and assured them that an integrated hospital was not the same as integrated schools. It was veterans and not children being integrated. He did not want to risk putting Mississippi in a bad light.

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10. Why was Elvis and odd mixture of hood and sweet boy?

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Elvis was extremely close to his mother, Gladys Smith. Being born during the depression, Elvis and his family were very poor, therefore Elvis grew up living among black people in the Memphis projects.

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11. When and where was Elvis Presley born?

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Elvis Presley was born in Tupelo, MS on January 8th, 1935.

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12. How were Presley’s parents typical country people fighting daily struggle for survival?

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Elvis’ parents fell into the hard post-WW2 times of people moving all over the country to find work, and they ended up moving to the projects of Memphis, TN.

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13. What shows that Elvis’ father was a poor breadwinner?

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Elvis’ father was a drifter with no home, and he was in and out of jail during Elvis’ childhood. When his wife was pregnant with Elvis, he borrowed money to build his family a rough, shed-like, shotgun house.

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14. Why did the Presleys move into the project in Memphis during the late 1940s?

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Timeswere so hard for the Presleys after WW2 that they ended up in the Memphis project where most white people would not want to live. For the Presleys, it was the nicest place they had ever lived.

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15. How did Elvis respond to being an outcast?

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Elvis emulated movie star Marlon Brando(who played outsider roles), slicking back his hair and turning up his collar, as his response to being an outcast in highschool. He wore dark clothing and the “ducktale” hairstyle. He also wore shoe lifts to appear taller.

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16. How did Elvis gain some popularity in high school?

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Elvis gained some popularity in school by performing in the school variety show. For the first time, everyone loved him.

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17. What types of music make up the rich musical heritage of Mississippi?

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The rich musicalheritage of Mississippi consists of rhythm & blues, gospel (black music), and white gospel, and hillbilly (white music).

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18. What was the first band that Elvis played in?

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The first band Elvis played in was theSongfellows, which included other members of Elvis’ church.

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32. Why is the bulldozer a good metaphor for the South since World War II?

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Bulldozers tore up the countryside to expand cities. The traditional south had been replaced by something new.

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23. During what year did the lumber industry reach its peak production in Mississippi?

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1925. 3 billion feet of boards in one year.

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24. How did the concerns of planters shape evacuation plans during the 1927 flood?

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The state was paying for levies; the federal government took up flooding emergencies.

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2. How did lynching change in Mississippi between 1930 & 1950?

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1877-1930: 539, 1930-1953: 33. They became more public and the image of the South was being televised to other countries.

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3. What caused the cotton economy to decline during the 1930s and 1940s?

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Farms became industrial with tractors. Declining number of tenant farmers. Could mass produce cotton like never before.

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33. What is the evidence that Americans kept moving after World War II?

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1950-1970 3 to 4% of Americans moved across state lines every year.

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34. How many Southerners left the countryside during World War II?

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3.2 million Southerners left the countryside after WW2

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35. Which black Southerners migrated during World War II, where did they mainly come from, and where did they mostly go?

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Young black Southerners in their teens and 20's left Mississippi and Alabama to Chicago and Detroit.

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37. What percentage of southern-born black veterans and southern-born white veterans lived outside of the South in 1970?

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41% of Southern born black veterans and 20% of Southern born white veterans lived outside of the South

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38. How much (give number) did the population of the southern countryside change between 1940 and 1960?

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1940: 14.6 million

1960: 7 million

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2. What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in the 1954 Brown v. Topeka Board of Education case?

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Segregation in schools was unconstitutional

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1. Who were the Dixiecrats, when did they organize, and what was their main issue?

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The Dixiecrats were a third party; breakaway from the Democrat party. For segregation

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5. What private organization began in 1954 to fight desegregation that became the most effective lobbying group in Mississippi?

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White Citizen's Council

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6. What state agency did Mississippi create in 1956 to fight desegregation?

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State Sovereignty Commission

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7. How did James Silver depict Mississippi in his book, The Closed Society?

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He explained that any talk of Civil Rights was unacceptable and people were afraid to speak out.

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8. What was the strategy of practical segregationists?

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Paul Coleman: Segregation isn't everything. VA Hospital integrated because it's not a school. This allows segregationist to not have a bad image while also holding the value of segregation.

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4. What amendment did the legislators make to the state constitution following the 1954 Brown ruling, and did Mississippi voters ratify it?

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14th amendment. "Integration to happen with all deliberate speed."

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23. How did Dewey convince his listeners that Elvis was white despite the way he sang?

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During an interview, Dewey asked Elvis where he went to high school in Memphis. White school=white boy.

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21. What were the two songs on Elvis’ first record?

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That's Alright Mama; Blue Moon of Kentucky

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22. Who was Daddy-O-Dewey?

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The first person to play Elvis on the radio

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24. Which companies dominated the music industry before the 1950s, and what kind of music did they record?

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RCA,Columbia, and Decca; they produced classical and big bands. This was the music that rich people who could afford music players.

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25. What was the average weekly income of an American teenager in 1956?

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$ 10.25

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26. What technological breakthroughs democratized the music business?

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Transistor Radios and Record players

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27. What were the first three crossover hits, and when were they released?

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1955, Bill Haley "Shake Rattle Roll"

Chuck Berry "Maybellene"

Little Richard "Tutti Fruitti"

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28. What was the goal of the Biloxi Wade-Ins?

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The beaches were privately owned, even though they were paid with taxpayers' money. The black people kept getting kicked off, so they went out into the water and wading in protest.

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30. What lesson did segregationists learn about defying federal authority from the riots at Ole Miss?

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You can't beat the president and the federal government. They have the military and more resources

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31. What were the strategies of non-violent direct action & civil disobedience?

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Non-violent direct action is protest. Civil Disobedience is can be a sit in. These are all actions that do not codon violence. This allows the activists to be found guilty for only breaking segregation laws.

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3. What caused the cotton economy to decline during the 1930s and 1940s?

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Flame cultivators could run on 35 cents a day verse the black worker for a dollar a day. Mechanical harvesters could do the work of 30 workers.

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33. Who were James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, & Michael Schwerner?

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Congress of Racial Equality workers who were murdered in Philadelphia for their activism.

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34. What was Freedom Summer?

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900 white college students from the North volunteer to assist in as many african american voter registration as possible.

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35. What was taught in the Freedom Schools?

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The Constitution and voter education

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36. What happened in Birmingham, Alabama that prompted President Kennedy to introduce the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

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The treatment of Freedom Riders and the bus being burned and the riders beaten to almost death.

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37. What was the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, and why was it formed?

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This was an alternative election for black people. This showed that black people did want the right to vote with 80,000, and the political difference due to the lack of black votes.