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68 Cards in this Set
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Clostridium difficile-associated disease:
In which species? Virulence factors? Pathogenesis? Lesions? |
Syrian hamsters, horses, neonatal pigs, sporadically in many other species.
Large exotoxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Receptor-mediated endocytosis of toxins followed by endosomal acidification -> active form in cytosol. Both toxins disrupt the actin cytoskeleton by disrupting Rho-subtype, intracellular signaling molecules. Inflammation and neurogenic stimuli are also involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Cecum and colon (itis) in most species; foals and rabbits severe jejunal lesions. |
Vet Pathol 43:225-240 (2006)
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Ergotism:
cause, pathogenesis? |
Ergopeptine alkaloids (ergotamine).
Claviceps purpurea (fungus on grains). Peripheral vasoconstriction. Cattle, horses, pigs. |
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Bracken fern:
toxic compounds? |
Ptaquiloside, quercitin.
alkylates DNA -> activates H-ras. + thiaminases -> vit B1 def. (esp. horse: CNS damage) Bovine urinary bladder carcinoma (papillomas, adenomas, TCC, SCC, HSA, FSA, LMSA). Also oesophagus, rumen. Also cystitis. Chronic enzootic hematuria. |
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Blister beetle
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Cantharidin
acute necrohemorrhagic enteritis in horses. hemorrhagic ulceration urinary bladder. myocardial necrosis. necrohemorrhagic cystitis. |
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Domoic acid
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excitotoxicity. neurotoxic;
glutamate -> voltage gated Ca channels. strandings of california sea lions. ischemic necrosis in granul. cells dentate gyrus + pyramidal cells in hippocampus cornu ammonis. Gross: pyriform lobe malacia, myocard. pallor, bronchopneumonia. |
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Solanum malacoxylon
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vit D3 -> nuclear receptor -> alters transcription of vit D response elements on monocytes/macrophages/smooth muscle -> macrophage prolif, MNGC formation, mesenchymal cell activation, bone protein synthesis, calcification. Rabbits: calcification trachea and bronchi.
vit D analogs also in Cestrum diurnum, Trisetum flavescens. |
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Brevetoxins
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Karenia brevis. 'red tide' dinoflagellate. neurotoxin. toxin vectors fish -> dolphins. seagrass -> manatees. acute toxicity, death.
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Fusarium roseum
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zearalenone. estrogenic. pigs: abortion. hyperplasia uterus, vulva, mamma. 'porcine vulvovaginitis'. poultry: tibial dyschondroplasia.
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Fusarium moniliforme
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Fumonensin B1. block ceramide synthase -> disruption endothelial cell membranes. Macrophages -> TNF.
Equine leukoencephalomalacia. Equine and porcine chronic liver disease. Porcine pulmonary edema. Rat carcinogenesis. |
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T2-toxin
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trichotocene.
Skin ulceration. Enteritis. Pneumonia. Liver and renal disease. Vomiting and anorexia in pigs. |
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Aspergillus flavus.
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Aflatoxins. B1 most potent.
Liver (periportal); necr/lipid./biliary hyperpl. Pigs: hepatic adenocarcinoma. |
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Blue green algae
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Microcystin-LR.
Hepatic necrosis hemorrhagic gastroenteritis hydroperitoneum photosensitization toxic hepatitis, cirrhosis. anticholinesterase effects. |
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Aspergillus ochraceus
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Ochratoxins.
'mold nephrosis of swine' toxic nephrosis swine, poultry. proximal tubules. |
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Locoweed
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Swainsonine. Inhibitor of alpha-mannosidase and golgi mannosidase II.
Astragalus spp., Swainsona spp., Oxytropis spp. Horse, cattle, sheep. Paresis. Vacuolar lesions in neurons and var. epithelia, renal epith. : lysosomes containing alpha mannosyl residues. Neurons CNS, PNS, plexuses Meissner, Auerbach. Neuronolysis. spheroids. Perivasc edema CNS. |
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Senecio jacobaea
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Also Crotolaria and Heliotropium.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Toxic on mitotic spindle -> prevent cell div., not DNA synth. -> megalocytosis. Hepatic fibrosis, bil. duct prolif., nodular regen. Metabolized by MFO cytP450 to alkylating pyrrolic esters -> react with cytosolic + nuclear material. |
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Yellow star thistle
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Centaurea solsitialis. C. repens.
Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia. Chewing disease. Malacia. Hypertonus muscles face. Gait abnormalities. |
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Phomopsis sp.
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On lupins.
Phomopsins. Hepatic atrophy + fibrosis in ruminants and horses. Photosensitization and H.E. |
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Hypervitaminosis A
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hepatic tox
destruction cartilagenous growth plates; dwarfism osteoporosis deforming cervical spondylosis exostosis formation CSF down. |
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Copper deficiency
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Too much molybdenum / sulfur -> less copper.
anemia osteoporosis aortic aneurysms enzootic ataxia: swayback achromotrichia |
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zinc deficiency
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parakeratosis (pig, ruminants)
acanthosis, elongated dermal papillae, disapp. Str granulosum. Hereditary thymic hypoplasia in cattle. Immunodef. |
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vitamin E deficiency
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skeletal / cardiac muscle necrosis; mulberry heart disease (microangiopathy).
hydrophericard / -thorax / edema. hepatic necrosis (pig). steatitis. encephalomalacia (neuronnecrosis, axonal degen, brainstem + spinal) testicular degen. hemolytic anemia pigmentary retinal degen. cataracts in rabbits exudative diathesis. |
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vitamin K deficiency
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sweet clover / warfarin (coumarins).
essential for Factors II VII IX X. Extensive hemorrhages. |
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Foot and mouth disease:
- site of primary infection? - secondary site of replication? - cardiac lesions? - 1st histo change in epithelium? - receptors are which kind of molecules? |
- pharynx. Except when direct entry through mucosa or skin: then at site of entry.
- regional lymph nodes, bloodstream. amplification subsequently in cornified stratified squamous epithelia of skin (including feet, mamma) and mouth (including tongue). Other organs produce no more than negligible amounts of virus. - young animals. acute myocarditis (lymphohistiocytic). soft flaccid with white/greyish stripes (tiger heart) of spots, mainly LV and IVS. - ballooning degen, increased cytopl eosinophilia Str. spinosum. Dermal edema. Later necrosis and mononucl/granuloc infiltration. Vesicles. - integrins on surface of target cells. NB FMDV can cause persistent infection! |
JCP 2003 129 1-36
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Natural SARS infection:
in which species? Receptor for SARS CoV? |
masked palm civet
raccoon dog chinese ferret badger domestic cat pig Receptor: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) |
EID vol 12 no 12 dec 2006 p1835
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Anthrax:
Lethal toxin molecular effects? |
Lysosomal processing of LTX is a key event in disease pathogenesis.
LTX suppressed T cell functions, but did not affect viability and caused no ultrastructural damage. LTX cleaves MAPKKs, thereby disrupting intracellular signaling through MAPK cascades. LTX kills macrophages and inactivates the adaptive immune system. LTX affects dendritic cells. |
LI 2007 87,182-188
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Name common coccidia species of animals:
cattle sheep goats equine swine canine feline mice rabbit chicken turkey geese&ducks Mention which affect other organs than GI tract. |
Cattle - E. bovis
Sheep - E. ahsata, bakuensis, ovinoidalis Goats - E. christenseni, arloingi, ninakohlyakimovae Equine - E. leuckarti Swine - I. suis Canine - I. canis Feline - I. felis Mice - E. falciformis Rabbit - E. stiedae (bile ducts), intestinalis, flavescens Chickens - E. acervulina, necatrix, maxima, tenella Turkey - E. adenoeides, meleagrimitis, gallopavonis Geese&ducks - E. truncata (kidney), anseris |
Some AFIP WSC conference
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Chlamydiaceae: name hosts and lesions.
Chlamydophila felis Chlamydophila psittaci Chlamydophila abortus Chlamydophila caviae Chlamydophila pecorum Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydia muridarum Chlamydia suis |
Chlamydophila felis - cats; conjunctivitis, rhinitis, persistent genital and GI infection may occur.
Chlamydophila psittaci - avian Chlamydophila abortus - ruminants; abortion, Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE). Also rabbit, guinea pig, mice, man. Chlamydophila caviae - guinea pigs; conjunctivitis. Chlamydophila pecorum - koala; reproductive and urinary tract disease. Chlamydophila pneumoniae - frogs and snakes. Chlamydia muridarum - mice and hamsters; pneumonia. Chlamydia suis - swine; conjunctivitis, enteritis and pneumonia. |
Some AFIP WSC
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What are general morphological characteristics of nematodes in histopathology?
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- external cuticle
- hypodermis, chords, muscle - alimentary canal - separate sexes * eggs (shell), larvae |
Jones and Hunt
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General morphological characteristics of cestodes in histopathology?
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- scolex (suctorial groove, sucking discs, proboscis, hooklets)
- cuticle - germinal layer - segmentation - outer longitudinal muscles - parenchyma with calcareous corpuscules - inner circular muscles * NO digestive tract |
Jones and Hunt
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General morphological characteristics of trematodes in histopathology?
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- tegument
- parenchyma - musculature - digestive tract - often female and male reproductive organs - eggs (pigmented) - NO calcareous corpuscules |
Jones and Hunt, VSPO
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis:
- In which organ in rats? - lesions in other hosts? |
- lung
- eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans and dogs. |
Jones and Hunt
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Pemphigus vulgaris:
- in which species? - also oral? - antigenic target? |
- dog, cat, horse, goat
- oral as well as skin - desmoglein 3 |
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Pemphigus foliaceus:
- in which species? - target? |
- dog, cat, horse, goat
- desmoglein 1 (in 6 % of affected dogs) |
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Lyme disease:
- arthritis in which species? - acute lesion joints? - chronic lesion joints? - lesions in non-human primate? |
- dog, cattle, horse
- fibrinopurulent - pannus, chronic suppurative arthritis, plasma cells, fewer T cells - NHP: cardiac inflammation (T cells, plasma, macroph. mild) and spinal nerve roots / dorsal root ganglia / leptomeninges (/rarely spinal cord parenchyma). |
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When does central chromatolosys occur?
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Retrograde change due to an axonal injury of the lower motor neuron.
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Pumarola
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What are Lafora bodies?
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Seen in virosis and epilepsy. Globular basophilic inclusions of mucopolysaccharides in dendrite cytoplasm.
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Pumarola
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Causes of thiamine deficiency?
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- decreased thiamine intake
- intake of thiaminase (tuna, salmon) - Ruminants: grain overload -> thiaminase-producing bacteria such as Bacillus thiaminolyticus - amprolium - thiaminase-containing plants (bracken fern, horsetails) - sulfur |
VSPO
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Why is thiamine deficiency particularly relevant to the CNS?
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thiamine is a cofactor in erythrocyte transketolase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is the primary metabolic pathway for the CNS glucose metabolism
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VSPO
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Botulinum neurotoxin pathogenesis: light chain acts on what?
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Deactivates neuromuscular junction by specifically inhibiting members of the SNARE protein family, essential for membrane fusion during which vesicles merge with the cell membrane and release their load.
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Nature 28 dec 2006 p.1019
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Name the gene which is affected in these myopathies:
1. X-linked muscular dystrophy 2. Double muscling 3. Porcine stress syndrome 4. Phosphofructokinase deficiency 5. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis 6. Glycogen storage disease 7. Canine myotonia |
1. dystrophin
2. myostatin 3. ryanodine receptor 4. phosphofructokinase, muscle isozyme 5. skeletal muscle sodium channel 6. myophosphorylase 7. skeletal muscle chloride channel ClC-1 |
JKP table 2.1 vol1 p.205
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In skeletal muscle, what type of fiber predominance is observed in genetic dystrophies?
And in motorneuron disease? |
Genetic distrophies: type 1 predominance.
Motorneuron disease: type 2 predominance. |
Summer School 2006 Cherel
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Masticatory muscle myositis:
- type of inflammation? - pathogenesis? |
- eosinophilic (chronic stage: atrophy)
- auto-antibodies against myosin M which shares antigenic determinants with some bacteria |
Summer School 2006 Cherel
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Osteochondrosis:
Which etiologic factors are well supported by the scientific literature? Role of cartilage canals? Role of copper? |
- heredity
- anatomic conformation Cartilage canals are blood vessels in growing articular cartilage; they get progressively filled by matrix (chondrification); these are vulnerable where they transverse the bone-cartilage junction. Cu deficiency -> lysyl oxidase down -> collagen crosslinks down -> generalized cartilage problems. |
Vet Pathol 44:429-448 (2007)
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Roles of inflammatory mediators in degenerative joint disease?
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PG, NO up -> progeoglycans down.
TNFalpha, IL-1 up -> PG, NO up and proteases up. Substance P also plays a role. |
McG Ch16
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Name the target for each of these autoimmune skin diseases:
1. bullous pemphigoid 2. epidermolysis bullosa acquisita 3. pemphigus vulgaris 4. paraneoplastic pemphigus 5. pemphigus foliaceus |
1. collagen XVII
2. collagen VII 3. desmoglein 3 (+/- desmoglein 1) 4. desmoglein 3, plakins 5. desmoglein 1 |
Vet Derm 17:291-305 2006
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Name 6 histopathologic differences between viral papillomas and nonviral idiopathic squamous papillomas.
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1. viral: sometimes orthokeratosis or parakeratosis
2. viral: enlarged keratohyaline granules 3. viral: koilocytes 4. viral: keratinocytes show cytopathic effect 5. viral: maybe intranuclear inclusions 6. viral: elongated rete slant inward; nonviral: elongated rete slant outward |
Meuten
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If you get uterus biopsies; what should you look for?
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Inflammation and fibrosis around glands
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What is the female counterpart of the testicular seminoma?
Found in which species? |
Ovarian dysgerminoma
Dog, goat. |
CLDavis Buergelt
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Draw the mechanism of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity.
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See this Fig: 13-41 McG p. 805
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McG p. 805 fig 13-41
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Name the vesicular stomatitides, the cause, and the domestic animals in which they occur.
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1. Foot and mouth disease; Picornavirus; ruminants, pigs.
2. Vesicular stomatitis; Rhabdovirus; ruminants, pigs, horses. 3. Vesicular exanthema of swine; calicivirus; pigs. 4. Swine vesicular disease; enterovirus; pigs. |
McG p.304 table 7-1
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Ulcerative stomatitis:
Name 10 diseases / causes. |
- bovine viral diarrhea
- rinderpest - malignant catarrhal fever - feline calicivirus - equine viral rhinotracheitis - bluetongue - uremia - foreign bodies - feline eosinophilic granuloma comples - vitamin C deficiency in primates and guinea pigs |
McG p.305
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What is noma?
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A severe form of oral avascular necrosis associated with spirochetes and fusiform bacteria. In primates and dogs. Severe necrotizing gingivitis, osteolysis, sometimes death.
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McG p307-308
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Name causes of sialoadenitis in the dog, rat and pig.
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Rabies;
Canine distemper; Sialodacryoadenitis virus in the rat (coronavirus); Salmonella typhisuis in pigs. |
McG p315
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Which factors contribute to a disturbance of the balance between gastric acid secretion and mucosal protections, leading to ulceration?
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- local disturbances or trauma (back flush of bile salts or ingestion of lipid solvents such as alcohol)
- acidity - local disturbances in blood flow (stress, ischemia) - (N)SAIDs -> PGE2 and PGI1 suppressed -> decreased phospholipid secretions |
McG p.336
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Which pathogens enter through M cells?
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Salmonella
Yersinia Rhodococcus spp. BVD virus |
McG p344
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Four mechanisms by which diarrhea can occur?
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1. malabsorption
2. hypersecretion 3. exudation (PLE) 4. hypermotility (usually not as a primary mechanism in domestic animals) |
McG p345
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Describe causes and effects of intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
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fig 7-98 p 346 McG
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Causes of midzonal degeneration and necrosis in the liver?
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Unusual.
Pigs and horses: aflatoxicosis. Cats: hexachlorophene. |
McG p404
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Causes of periportal degeneration and necrosis in the liver?
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Toxins that do not require metabolism by MFO (most active in centrilobular hepatocytes) to cause injury;
e.g. phosphorus. Or compounds that are metabolized to injurious intermediates by cytoplasmic enzymes found in periportal hepatocytes. |
McG p405
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Causes of hyperbilirubinemia?
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1. overproduction: hemolysis (but NB in anemia, hypoxia may also limit bilirubin excretion!)
2. decreased uptake, conjugation, or secreation (severe diffuse hepatic disease) 3. cholestasis (extra- or intrahepatic). |
McG p.407
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Causes of end-stage liver?
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- chronic toxicity
- chronic cholangitis and/or obstruction - chronic congestion (right side heart failure) - inherited disorders of metal metabolism (Cu, Fe) - chronic hepatitis - idiopathic |
McG p413 box 8-4
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What is primary photosensitization?
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After ingestion of a primary (preformed) photodynamic agent;
- St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) - buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) - tetracycline - phenothiazine |
McG p416
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What is secondary photosensitization?
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Hepatogenous. In herbivores when normal excretion of phylloerythrin in bile is impaired. Produced by chlorophyll in ingested plants by gastrointestinal bacteria of herbivores.
Mutant Corriedale sheep: inherited inability to excrete conjugated bilirubin and also susceptible to 2ary photosens. because phylloerythrin concentrations are increased. |
McG p416
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Amanita phalloides
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Death cap. Poisonous mushroom. Toxic cyclopeptides.
Amatoxin: inhibits RNA polymerase II function disrupting DNA and RNA transcription. Phalloidin: disruption of intracellular actin filaments. |
McG p.447
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Liver: what is a carcinoid?
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Tumor arising from neuroendocrine cells that lie within the biliary epithelium (intra- or extrahepatic). IHC+ chromogranin A.
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McG p.452
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Causes of direct damage to pancreatic acinar cells?
Indirect? |
Direct:
- Cassia occidentalis - T-2 toxin (trichothecene toxin, pigs) - Zinc (dogs, veal calves, sheep) - sulfonamides, potassium bromide-phenobarbital combinations (dogs) Indirect: - obstruction of ducts (calculi, parasites) -> interstitial edema _> vessels compressed -> ischemia. - disturbances of enzyme trafficking in cytoplasm -> inappropriate activation of enzymes within cells (possibly caused by administration of corticosteroids in dogs) |
McG p.457
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Name 4 viral myopathies
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Porcine encephalomyelitis (Picornaviridae, Enterovirus)
Foot-and-mouth disease (Picornaviridae, Aphthovirus) Bluetongue (Reoviridae, Orbivirus) Akabane disease (Bunyaviridae, Akabane virus) |
McG p1000 table 15-7
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Name the stages of degenerative joint disease.
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Chondromalacia: decreased proteoglycan content.
Erosion: loss of cartilage layers. Fibrillation: condensation of collagen fibers (because of loss of water) and splitting of the matrix along the vertical axis of the collagen fibers (perpendicular to joint surface). Ulceration/eburnation of subchondral bone: loss of cartilage; with osteosclerosis AND smooth surface of exposed bone it's called eburnation. |
McG p1100 table 16-7
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