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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Heme metabolism |
Occurs in phagocytes, Kupffer cells, spleen, bone marrow HO acts on heme to liberate iron and yield biliverdin Biliverdin reductase reduces it to yield bilirubin Bilirubin released and bound to albumin, which transports it throughout the body Hepatocytes conjugate bilirubin to glucuronic acid = direct bilirubin Direct bilirubin is either released into blood, or excreted in bile In the terminal ileum, bacterial proteases make into urobilinogen Urobilinogen has three fates: MOSTLY: oxidized in colon to stercobilinogen to make feces brown 5% to urobilin to make urine yellow 5% enterohepatic circulation |
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What cell types have TLRs and where are they located? |
Macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells Expressed on the plasma membrane or in endosomal/lysosomal organelles |
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Case control study |
Observational study in which two existing groups different in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute Case control studies are often used to identify factors that may contribute to a medical condition by comparing subjects who have that condition (the "cases") with patients who do not but are otherwise similar ("the controls") |
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Case study |
Published report about a person, group, or situation that has been studied over time |
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Clinical trial |
Experiments done in clinical research Aims to ensure the scientific validity and reproducibility of the results |
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Cohort study |
Quasi-experimental Follow a group of people who do not have the disease, and use correlations to determine the risk of subject contraction of the dz Group of people who share a common characteristic or experience defined within a define period |
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Cross-sectional study |
AKA prevalence study Type of observational study that involves analysis of data collected from a population at one specific point in time |
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Delayed-type hypersensitivity |
Unlike the other types, is not antibody-mediated Rather, is a type of cell-mediate response CD4+ Th cells recognize antigen in a complex with MHC II, in this case APC is macrophage which secretes IL-12 to stimulate proliferation of more CD4+ T cells |
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Effects of mast cell degeneration |
GI tract: fluid secretion, peristalsis --> diarrhea, vomiting Respiratory tract: mucus secretion, bronchoconstriction --> dyspnea Blood vessels: increased vascular permeability --> movement of fluids, proteins, cells out of vessels |
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axon initial segment |
a specialized membrane region in the axon of neurons where APs are initiated Crucial to its function is the presence of specific voltage-gated channels clustered at high densities (sodium and potassium) |
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Internode |
The portion of a nerve fiber between two Nodes of Ranvier One oligodendrocyte can furnish myeline to one internode of more than one axon in the CNS |
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Pseudounipolar neuron |
Sensory neuron found in dorsal root ganglion and in sensory ganglia of cranial nerves V, VII, IX, C and all mixed cranial nerves The only other mixed cranial nerve (VIII), has bipolar neuron type Contains an axon that has split into two branches, one branch runs to the periphery and the other to the spinal cord Information passing from periphery to CNS bypasses the cell body and goes directly to CNS. Cell body is only "nutritive" Cell body is large, euchromatic nucleus, prominent nucleolus |
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Multipolar neurons |
Unlike sensory neurons, autonomic neurons have a typical multipolar arrangement |
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immune response to MLV vs killed vaccine T cell response, type of degradation |
Live viruses trigger response dominated by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, a Th1 response. MLV infect host cells and undergo viral replication. The infected cells then process endogenous antigen. Because MLV induce CD8+ response, will be presented by MHC I molecule, which marks for proteasome degradation Killed organisms, in contrast, act as exogenous antigens. They stimulate responses dominated by CD4+ Th2 cells Because killed organisms generate a CD4+ T cell response, will be presented to by MHCII molecule and mark cell for endosomal degradation |
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Serum amyloid A (SAA) |
Highly conserved, acute phase protein synthesized mainly by liver During acute inflammation, SAA levels may rise to 1000-fold and will displace apolipoprotein A from HDL, thus becoming the major apolipoprotein of circulating HDL3 Exhibits significant immunological activity by, for example, inducing synthesis of several cytokines and being chemotactic for neutrophils and mast cells. Has also been recently shown to activate inflammasome cascade, which has a key role in immune activation. May participate in pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory conditions |
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C-reactive protein |
acute phase protein of hepatic origin Increases following IL-6 secretion by macs and adipocytes Binds to surface of dead or dying cells (and some types of bacteria) in order to activate complement, promoting phagocytosis by macs to clear necrotic debris and apoptotic cells and bacteria |
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Which cytokine is most responsible for inducing synthesis of acute phase proteins? |
IL-6 (macs and T cells) |
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Examples of PAMPs |
Lipotechoic acid Peptidoglycan Glycolipids LPS Mannose-rich carbohydrates cell wall Flagellin Intracellular TLRs recognize viral nucleic acids, bacterial DNA |
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What happens when TLR binds PAMP? |
Signal passed inside the cell that results in increase in transcription factor NF-kB which activates genes that encode cytokines, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha |
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Reaction of the body to LPS |
bacterial LPS is potent inducer of innate immunity, released by invading gram neg bacteria Does not act directly on cells, but first binds to LPS-binding protein (LBP) in serum LPS binding protein immediately transfers LPS molecules to CD14 on the surface of macs, which binds to another cell surface on macs, TLR4 The CD14/TLR4 complex activates macs and triggers cytokine production |
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Creatinine production |
Creatine is produced in the liver, released in blood, phosphorylated to phosphocreatine by creatine kinase and spontaneous formation of creatinine occurs during this reaction Creatinine is removed from blood by kidneys. Little to no reabsorption occurs. |
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Neutrophil chemotactic factors |
C5a, C3a Fibrin, fibrinopeptides Bacterial components IL-8 (from macs) |
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Eosinophil chemotactic factors |
Histamine IL-5 |
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Monocyte chemotactic factors |
C3a, C5a Fibrinopeptides PDGF |
