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148 Cards in this Set
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Ulfius
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4th Century
Bishop of Gothia Arian missionary to the Goths. Translated bible form Greek into Gothic. |
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4th Century
Bishop of Gothia |
Ulfius
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Arian missionary to the Goths.
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Ulfius
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Translated bible form Greek into Gothic.
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Ulfius
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John Chrysostom
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4th/5th century preacher of Antioch and Constantinople
Calvin lauded him as the best exegete. His interpretation of scripture was of the Antiochene (literal)method - using the natural sense of the text (vs. Alexandrian school which looked for the deeper meaning.) Pastor who gave equal attention to people and preaching. |
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4th/5th century preacher of Antioch and Constantinople
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John Chrysostom
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Calvin lauded him as the best exegete.
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John Chrysostom
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His interpretation of scripture was of the Antiochene (literal)method - using the natural sense of the text (vs. Alexandrian school which looked for the deeper meaning.)
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John Chrysostom
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Pastor who gave equal attention to people and preaching.
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John Chrysostom
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Benedict of Nursia
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Greatest Western Monastic
Wrote most famous Monastic Rule in 540 |
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Greatest Western Monastic
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Benedict of Nursia
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Wrote most famous Monastic Rule in 540
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Benedict of Nursia
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Requirements of the Benedictine Rule
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Prayer - liturgy of hours "sanctification of time"; Study - especially scripture and the church fathers "spiritual reading"; and Work - shared labor
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Prayer, Study, and Work
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Requirements of the Benedictine Rule
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Describe the beginnings of Monasticism
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Monasticism was largely a response to what some saw as the increasing worldliness of the church. Also, Especially after Constantine and the end of martyrdom, Christians looked for a way to express their deep commitment to Christ.
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Anthony
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Eastern Monastic of the 3/4th cent. who responded litteraly to the rich young ruler. Eastern Christians point to him as the founder of Monasticism.
270 (imp. date) - Anthony retreats to desert. |
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Eastern Monastic of the 3/4th cent. who responded litteraly to the rich young ruler.
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Anthony
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Eastern Christians point to him as the founder of Monasticism.
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Anthony
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270 (imp. date) - _________ retreats to desert.
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Anthony
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Pachomius
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3/4th cent. Eastern monk who promoted cenobitism or "common life"
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cenebotism
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"common life" monasticism
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3/4th cent. Eastern monk who promoted cenobitism or "common life"
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Pachomius
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Basil of Cappadocia
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Eastern monk who wrote famous Rule
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Eastern monk who wrote famous Rule
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Basil of Cappadocia
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John Cassian
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Eastern monk who later introduced Basil's rule to the West.
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Eastern monk who later introduced Basil's rule to the West.
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John Cassian
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Four famous Eastern monastics
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Anthony, Pachomius, Basil of Cappadocia, and John Cassian
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Two famous Western monastics
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Martin of Tours and Benedict
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Martin of Tours
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Pioneer of Western Monasticism; soldier who split cloak with begger
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Pioneer of Western Monasticism
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Martin of Tours
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Soldier who split cloak with begger
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Martin of Tours
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Donatism
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African separatist chuch in the 4th century.
A reaction,as monasticism was a reaction, to what some saw as compromise in the Imperial Church. Debate revolved around "What is the nature of the true chuch?" Problem arose when the church debated how to treat the "tratitoris" - those who had handed over scripture during the Diocletian persecution. Donatis, a rival bishop of Carthage, insisted on a "pure" church. Augustine inherited this controversy when he was ordained Bishop of Hippo. |
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African separatist chuch in the 4th century.
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Donatism
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A reaction,as monasticism was a reaction, to what some saw as compromise in the Imperial Church.
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Donatism
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Debate revolved around "What is the nature of the true chuch?"
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Donatism
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Problem arose when the church debated how to treat the "traditoris" - those who had handed over scripture during the Diocletian persecution.
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Donatism
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Augustine inherited this controversy when he was ordained Bishop of Hippo.
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Donatism
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___________a rival bishop of Carthage, insisted on a "pure" church in this African separatist movement of the ______ century.
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Donatis/Donatism/4th
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Most churches in North Africa had become ___________ by Augustine's time.
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Donatist
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Augustine's response to Donatism.
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1. The visible church is not perfect - it is a "pilgrim" church.
2. Unity in the church must be maintained. 3. For those who have left the chuch, we must compel them to come in (began a long history of forced conversions.) |
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Discuss Augustine's City of God In it's historical setting.
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Sack of Rome 410
Augustine died 430 Eusibius' "Official Theology" of God's protection of Rome was clashing with reality and people had two responses: 1. Pagans believed gods vengeful because of Rome's Christianity. 2. Christians believed God punishing Rome for tolerating paganism. Augustine said God didn't promise peace & prosperity. He interpreted history saying that God created both cities and that the church, not Rome, is the city of God on earth. Augustine said that the two cities are interwoven and intermixed until the last judgement. |
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Sack of Rome
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410
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Augustine died
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430
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What was the significance of the Council of Orange?
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529 - 100 years after Augustine's death.
Augustinianism was "almost" fully embraced in the Western church - still left the door open for compromise of semi-pelagianism: "God saves us, but He doesn't do it without our help." |
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Council at which Western church embraced (almost) Augustinian orthodoxy, 100 years after his death.
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Council of Orange, 529
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Outline Augustine's position in the controversy with Pelagius.
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1. Adam was created perfect but lost the freedom of his will through sin.
2. We are born sinners because we are Adam's children. 3. We are unable and unwilling to do good. 4. God's grace is necessary. 5. God's grace is given freely to some, through His mercy. 6. Though growth in grace is possible, perfection is only attained in heaven. |
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Describe Augustine's "Confessions"
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A prayer, meant to be overheard.
Theme: Our need for God's grace. Books 1-9 Autobiographical Books 10-13 Memory, Time/Eternity, Creation, Genesis. |
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A prayer, meant to be overheard.
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Augustine's "Confessions"
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Theme: Our need for God's grace.
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Augustine's "Confessions"
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Sketch Augustine's life
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Born mid 4th c into latinized N. African family.
Mother Monica: Berber/Persistant in prayer: converted husband and mother-in-law. Childhood: Augustine said he was a sinner even in his infanthood. Youth: sought pleasure and truth in himself and found only misery and error. The search as a young man: Philosophy (Cicero); Manicheism (Persian gnosticism); skepticism; Neo-Platonism: saw glimpses of peace but not how to get there. Trained for a career in rhetoric: "vendor of words." Traveled to Rome/Milan. Met Ambrose - went to hear his rhetoric but eventually started listening to what he was preaching. Read Athanasius' book "Life of St. Anthony" Conversion: 386, in the garden: take and read. Baptized by Ambrose, ordained (with tears) made bishop of Hippo in late 4th century. Spent the rest of his life preaching, counseling, governing, writing. Died in 430. |
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Augustine born
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Mid 4th century
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Augustine died
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430
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Augustine's mother
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Monica
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Augustine's search:
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Philosophy - Cicero
Minicheism - Eastern mystical religion (gnostic) Skepticism Neoplatonism - glimpses of peace but not how to get there |
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Augustine converted
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386 in the garden
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People important in Augustine's conversion
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Ambrose - preaching
Athanasius - "Life of St. Anthony" |
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Who was Pelagius?
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Christiian moralist, active in Rome in the late 4th/early 5th centuries. Well educated Briton, trained in law.
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What did Pelagius teach?
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Taught Christian perfection (one writer has called it "Justification by decency.") Said we can life good lives if we just set our minds to it.
Believed: 1) we are born neutral 2) we have the possibility to do good or bad 3) goodness and perfection are attainable |
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Christiian moralist, active in Rome in the late 4th/early 5th centuries.
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Pelagius
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Well educated Briton, trained in law.
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Pelagius
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Justification by decency
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Pelagianism
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Said we can life good lives if we just set our minds to it
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Pelagianism
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we are born neutral
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Pelagianism
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we have the possibility to do good or bad
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Pelagianism
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We can live good lives if we just set our mind to it.
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Pelagianism
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Who was Jerome?
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4th/5th century scholar/monk.
Knew Latin, Greek, and Hebrew (Hebrew was unusual for the time.) |
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4th/5th century scholar/monk.
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Jerome
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Knew Latin, Greek, and Hebrew (Hebrew was unusual for the time.)
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Jerome
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What was Jerome's significance?
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1. Translated the bible into Latin (not the first, but the best) - completed in 405
2. Wrote bible commentaries 3. Elevated view of ceibacy |
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Vulgate completed
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405
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Elevation of celibacy
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Jerome
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Jerome's life
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4th/5th cent.
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Who were the Great Cappadocians?
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4th century Theologians from the Golden Age of the Greek Orthodox church
1. Basil of Caesarea 2. Gregory of Nyssa (Basil's brother) 3. Gregory of Nazianzus (Friend) |
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Why were the Great Capadocians important?
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Important themes in Capadocian's writings: 1. Mystery of the Godhead
2. Diety of the Holy Spirit 3. Humanity of Christ 4. Care for the needy |
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What was the Athanasian creed?
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A summary of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity from the first five centuries.
Not by Athenasius. Not a creed. Probably composed in the 5th or 6th century. Rather negative in tone: begins with warnings against apostacy and heresy. |
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A summary of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity from the first five centuries.
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Athanasian creed
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What is a monophysite?
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One who believes Christ has one nature. Eutychians are monophysites.
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One who believes Christ has one nature.
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Monophysite
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Two examples of churches which held monophysite beliefs.
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Coptic Orthodox and syrian Orthodox.
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What was the result of the council of Chalcedon?
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A. One person: union of two natures was BASIC and SUBSTANTIAL ("HYPOSTATIC")
B. Two natures: PERFECT and COMPLETE (against Apollinarianism); without CONFUSION or CONVERSION (against Eutychianism); without DIVISION or SEPARATION (against Nestorianism). Chalcedon didn't explain how union of two natures works, but denounced wrong views. Specifically condemned Eutychianism. |
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After Chalcedon
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Christiandom divided into two main camps: 1) Chalcedonians (one person in two natures) and Monophysites (one person in one nature.) The Councils of Constantinople II (533) and Constantinople III (680) later reaffirmed Chalcedonian orthodoxy.
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Constantinople II date
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533
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Constantinople III date
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680
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Identify the major participants at the council of Chalcedon
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Leo I
Dioscurus Eutyches Largest council yet: over 500 bishops, mostly from the east because the West was busy with the barbarians. |
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Date of Council of Chalcedon
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451
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451
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Date of Council of Chalcedon
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Constantinople I
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381
2nd Ecumenical Concil Called by Theodosius Attended by Greggory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Meletius. Condemned Appoliarianism. Main issue: the diety of the H.S. (added "H.S. Lord and giver of life..." etc. to Nicene creed. ) Our commonly used Nicene creed is that affirmed at Constantinople. |
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Condemned Appoliarianism.
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Constantinople I in 381
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Called by Theodosius
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Constantinople I in 381
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381
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Constantinople I, called by Theodosius.
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Attended by Greggory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Meletius.
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Constantinople I, in 381
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Main issue: the diety of the H.S.
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Constantinople I 381
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Our commonly used Nicene creed is that affirmed at this council.
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Constantinople I 381
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Ended Trinitarian controversy.
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Constantinople I 381
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Council of Ephesus
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431
3rd ecumenical council called by Theodosius II Key Players: Cyril/Nestorius Dealt with Nestorian controversy Nicene orthodoxy reaffirmed. Theotakas ("God bearer") approved as title for Mary. Pelagianism denounced. |
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431
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Council of Ephesus
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3rd ecumenical council
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Council of Ephesus 431
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called by Theodosius II
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Council of Ephesus 431
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Dealt with Nestorian controversy
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Council of Ephesus 431
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Theotakas ("God bearer") approved as title for Mary.
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Council of Ephesus 431
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Pelagianism denounced.
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Council of Ephesus 431
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Key Players: Cyril/Nestorius
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Council of Ephesus 431
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Theotakas
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"God bearer" - approved by council of Ephesus/3rd ecumenical council/431 - opposed by Nestorius who prefered "christotakas"
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christotakas
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"Christ bearer" term prefered by Nestorius to theotakis.
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List the seven ecumenical councils and their dates
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1. Nicea 325
2. Constantinople I 381 3. Ephesus 431 4. Chalcedon 451 5. Constantinople II 553 6. Constantinople III 680-681 7. Nicea II 787 |
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sketch the life of Athanasius.
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Born late 3rd to wealthy Egyptian parents. Called "The Black Dwarf"
Greek education at catechetical school of Alexandria. Influenced by his bishop: Alexander - was his secretary at Nicea in 325. Succeeded Alexander as Bishop of Alexandria at age 33 Exiled five times |
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Born late 3rd to wealthy Egyptian parents.
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Athanasius
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Called "The Black Dwarf"
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Athanasius
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Influenced by his bishop: Alexander - was his secretary at Nicea in 325.
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Athanasius
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Bishop of Alexandria at age 33
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Athanasius
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Exiled five times
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Athanasius
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Summarize Athanasius' contributions to the church
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1. Closing of the canon of scripture
2. promotion of monasticism 3. Doctrine of the full diety of Christ (Book: "On the Incarnation Of The Word") - continued struggle against Arius and defended biblical Christology. Also wrote Life of St. Anthony, which influenced Augustine. |
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Two books by Athanasius
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"On the Incarnation Of The Word" and "Life of Saint Anthony"
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Closed the canon of scripture
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Athanasius
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Promoted of monasticism
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Athanasius
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Doctrine of the full diety of Christ
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Athanasius
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"On the Incarnation Of The Word" and "Life of Saint Anthony"
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by Athanasius
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What was the result of the council of Nicaea
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When council heard Eusebius of Nicomedia express his Arian views, they saw how dangerous and heretical they were.
The council decided it was necessary to use a word not found in scripture: "homoousios" (of one/same substance) in order to control people's understanding of scriptural language. Council made formal statement in which Arianism is clearly excluded. A revised version of this creed is today's Nicene Creed. Did not end controversy - Athanasius took over the fight for orthodox biblical Christology and eventually triumphed in the fourth century. |
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When this council heard Eusebius of Nicomedia express his Arian views, they saw how dangerous and heretical they were.
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Nicaea 325
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This council decided it was necessary to use a word not found in scripture: "homoousios" (of one/same substance) in order to control people's understanding of scriptural language.
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Nicaea 325
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Council made formal statement in which Arianism is clearly excluded.
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Nicaea 325
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This council did not end controversy over the eternality of Christ - Athanasius took over the fight for orthodox biblical Christology and eventually triumphed in the fourth century.
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Nicaea 325
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Homoousios vs. Homoiusios
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of one substance vs. of similar substance
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Homoiusios
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Of similar substance
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Identify the major participants at the council of Nicea
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Aprox. 300 church fathers, mostly from the Greek speaking East.
Arius*, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Alexander of Alexandria, Eusebius of Caeserea, Athanasius* (*these couldn't speak because not bishops) Also present were a small group of those who believed in Patripassionism, who opposed Arius. The vast majority of those present didn't belong to any one group and simply wanted compromise. |
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Leader of the Arians at Nicaea
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Eusebius of Nicomedia
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Leader of the Orthodox view at Nicaea
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Alexander of Alexandria
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Attended by aprox. 300 church fathers, mostly from the Greek speaking East.
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Council of Nicaea 325
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Key players: Arius*, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Alexander of Alexandria, Eusebius of Caeserea, Athanasius*
(*these couldn't speak because not bishops) |
Council of Nicaea 325
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Also present were a small group of those who believed in Patripassionism.
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Council of Nicaea 325
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The vast majority of those present didn't belong to any one group and simply wanted compromise.
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Council of Nicaea 325
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Describe the issue that necessitated the Council of Nicaea.
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Nicaea was the first ecumenical council.
Called by Constantine in 325 because of the debate over how to express the doctrine of Christ. Arianism - heresy that denied the eternality of Christ. Arius was presbyter of Alexandria who had a dispute with his biship, Alexander of Alexandria. Alexander said "At the same time the Father, at the same time the Son." Arius said "There was a time when He was not." and "If God & Christ were equal, than Christ should be called God's brother." Arius believed that Christ was "Tertium Quid" - A third thing: Christ is neither God nor man. |
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The first ecumenical council.
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Council of Nicaea 325
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Council called by Constantine
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Council of Nicaea 325
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Council called because of the debate over how to express the doctrine of Christ.
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Council of Nicaea 325
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Council called because of Arianism - heresy that denied the eternality of Christ.
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Council of Nicaea 325
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Alexander's statement of the eternality of Christ
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"At the same time the Father, at the same time the Son." - at Nicaea 325
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Arian's statements about the noneternal nature of Christ.
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"There was a time when He was not." and "If God & Christ were equal, than Christ should be called God's brother." - at Nicaea 325
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Arius believe that Christ was:
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"Tertium Quid" - A third thing: Christ is neither God nor man.
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Discuss the conversion and significance of Constantine
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Lived 3rd/4th cent.
Appears to have been worshipper of Sol: the unconquered Son/Apollo Triumphed at Milvan Bridge in 312 after seeing emblem of labarum and hearing "In this sign you will conquer." in a dream. Converted to Christianity after Milvan Bridge. 313 Edict of Milan: full legal tolerance of Christianity. Stopped persecution of Christians - though Galarius' 311 edict was actually more important. Returned Christian's property/exempted clergy from civil obligations/made sabbath more of a holiday/built great basillicas and gave gifts to churches. Eventually defeated Licinius (324) to control whole empire. Called Council of Nicaea in 325 to deal with the Arian controversy. Baptized in 337 - same year he died. Perhaps as many as half the people in the Roman Empire became Christians during Constantine's reign. |
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Sign Constantine saw in a dream
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Labarum
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Constantine's battle at which he was converted
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Milvan Bridge 312
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313
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Edict of Milan
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Edict of Milan
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313 full legal tolerance of Christianity. Stopped persecution of Christians - though Galarius' 311 edict was actually more important.
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324
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Year Constantine defeated Licinius to control whole empire.
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Things Constantine did for church after Edict of Milan
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Returned Christian's property/exempted clergy from civil obligations/made sabbath more of a holiday/built great basillicas and gave gifts to churches.
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Baptized in 337 - same year he died.
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Constantine
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Constantine died in this year
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337
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