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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evolution of IT Infrastructure
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1.Mainframe
2.Personal Computer 3.Client/Server 4.Enterprise Internet 5.Cloud Computing |
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Web Server
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Serves we page to client in response for a request for service; Responsible for locating and managing stored web pages
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Application Server
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handles application operations b/w user and organization's back-end business systems; used for price info
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Database Server
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Responsible for running DBMS through SQL
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5 Technology Drivers
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1.Moore's Law and Microporcessing
2.Law of Mass Digital Storage 3.Metcalfe's Law and Network Economies 4.Declining Communication Costs and Internet 5.Standards and Networking effects |
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
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suite comm protocols and common addresses that connect millions of computers together into a giant global network (Internet)
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7 Components IT Infrastructure
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1.Computer Hardware Platforms
2.Operating Systems Platforms 3.Enterprise Software Apps 4.Data Management and Software 5.Networking/Telecommunications Platforms 6.Internet Platforms 7.Consulting and System Integration Services |
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Computer Hardware
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Chip - Intel and AMD
Top Firms - IBM HP DELL |
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Operating Systems
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Client: 95% Microsoft Windows
Server: 85% Linux/Unix |
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Enterprise Software
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SAP and Oracle
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Data Management and Software
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Oracle, DB2, MySQL, SQL Server
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Networking/Telecomm
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Networking HW - CIsco
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Internet Platforms
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Java - Sun Microsystems
Object-oriented; Programming Language for Web |
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AJAX
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Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
Makes it easier to reload web page |
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Web Hosting Service
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maintains web server or series of servers providing subscribers space for web sites; godaddy.com
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System Integration
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new infrastructuere works with lecagy systems
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Legacy System
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old TPS for mainframe continhually used to avoid high costs
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Consulting/Integration Companies
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Accenture, IBM GS, EDS, INfosys, Wipro
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Virtualization
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multiple operating systems on one machine; utilization rates 10% to 70% of capacity
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Contrary factors to Moores Law
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Heat, Power, Battery, Portability, Size
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Technology Standards
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specifications that establish compatibility of products and the ability to communicate in a network
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Unix
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multitasking, multiuser, prortable operating system; Bell Labs; becomes most widely used enterprise level operating system
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Ethernet
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network standard connecting desktop computers to LANs enabling adoption of client/server computing
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Object-Oriented
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time sheet is processed through HR to become check (object); processes and obects
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Web Browser
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SW tool with graphical user interface for displaying web page; google chrome, safari
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distributed computing
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portable communication devices and netbooks
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cluster computer
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computers linked together to form single computer in Bartle Library
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Grid Computing
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Connects geographically remote computers into single network to combine processing power and create virtual supercomputer
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automatic computing
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self-updating
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Multicore Processors
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integrated circuit where two or more processors have been attached for enhanced performance, reduced power consumption and more efficient processing multiple tasks
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Open Source
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Linux most well known
Produced by community of programmers; Hacking is issue |
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Web Services
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a set of loosely coupled software components that exchange information with each other using universal Web communication standards and languages
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HTML
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Hypertext Markup Language;
Page description lanauge for specifying how text graphics video and sound are placed on web page i.e. facebook |
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XML
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Extensible Markup Language;
foundation for web services more powerful than HTML Tagging |
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Mashum
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sum greater than parts
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widget
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small sw programs for desktop
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Software Outsourcing 3 Alternatives
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Software Package
SaaS Software Outsourcing |
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SW Package
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commercially prewritten set of sw programs
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SaaS
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services for delivering and providng software remotley as web-based service
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Software outsourcing
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look outside company; governed by SLA contracts
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flexibility
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can easily change or edit something
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scalability
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ability of computer product or system to expand to larger number of users w/out breaking down
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TCO
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Total Cost of ownership
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Total Cost of Owenreship
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direct & indirect costs affecting technology implementations
reduce costs through better management, centraliztino and standardization HW SW only 20% |
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Competitive FORCES NAMES
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MARKET DEMAND FOR FRIMS SERVICES
FIRMS BUSINESS STRATEGY FIRMS IT STRATEGY, INFRASTRUCTURE AND COST IT ASSESSMENT COMPETITOR FIRM SERVICES COMPETITOR FIRM IT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS |
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Green Data Center Site Factors
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electricity costs
cost/availibity of land cost/availiability of people cost/risk moving existing systems Disaster recover site need Avoid latency in time critical applications tax rates |
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Low Hanging Green Fruit
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Limit Paper Use
Buy Renewable Energy Use Power management tools |
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Next Steps for green IT
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virtualize
facilitate telecommuting include green objectives in procurement policies |
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Computer System Data Hierarchy
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Field
Record File Database |
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Entity
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person place or thing for info storage in table
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attribute
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characteristics and qulaities describing entities i.e. adress, social security number
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Traditional File Envrironment problems
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Program data dependence (coupled data)
Lack of flexibilty (cannot do ad hoc) Poor Security Lack of Data Sharing and availability |
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data redundancy
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duplicate data in multiple files
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data inconsistancy
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same attribute has different values
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Database
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collection of data oragnzied to serve many applications
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DBMS
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database management system - software permits organization to centralize data, manage effieintly; Interface bw application program and data files
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DBMS Benefits (fix probs from traditional file environments)
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controls redundancy and eliminates inconsistancy
uncouples program and data centrally manages data Data Security |
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LOGICAL approach
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abastract model from business perspective
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PHYSICAL approach
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how database is arranged on direct access storage devices; layout
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relational DBMS
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two dimensional tables w data on entities and attributes
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Object Oriented DBMS
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stores data and procedures that act on those data as objects and that can be automatically retireved and shared
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row
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simliar to field;
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record
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group of related fields, describes entittieys
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Data Definition
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capability to specify structure of database content
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Data Dictionry
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file stores definitions of data elements and their characteristics
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Data Manipulation Language
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sql add change dlete or retrieve data
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normalization
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streamline complex gourping of data to minimize redundancy
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referential integrity
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ensures relationships bw coupled tables remain consistent
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ER Diagram
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entities are boxed attributes have diamonds; 1:1 1:Many and Many to Many
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Data Warehouse
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database that stores current and historical data of potential interest to decision makers
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data mart
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subset of data warehouse w/ highly focused portion or subject constructed quicker with lower cost
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Data Mining & TYPES
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hidden relationships
ASSOCIATIONS SEQUENCES CLASSIFICATIONS CLUSTERING FORECASTING |
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OLAP
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online analytical processing; multidimensional data analysis; enables rapid online ansers to ADHOC queries
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Data Administration
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specific policies and procedures for data to be managed by organizaitonal resouce
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database administration
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more technical and operational aspects of managin data including physical database design and maintenacne
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Data Cleansing/Scrubbing
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dtecting and correcting data in database incorect incomplete improperly formatted or redundant
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High Quality Data Characteristics
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Accuracy
Completeness Consistency Uniqueness Timeliness |
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ways to combat heat dissipation and data probs
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Emerson Liebert XD on top of server racks
Degree Controls floor tiles too expensive Google MS and HSBC use hydroelectirc power HP reduces power costs with server and data consolidation; VIRTUALIZATION WORKs because it reduces # servers required to run firms application |
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Telecommmuing implications
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more flexibility, productiviy, less operational cost; less stress more retention, less auto emission
problem: corporate secutiry |
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RFID
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Radio Frequency Identificaiton
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RFID types
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object-oriented - bottom up - looking at basic RFID capabilitie to create new RFID applications
Visionary - topdown approach - assumes FRID technology has reached peak and dtermines bwhat business models might be possible given scenario |
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Hubs => Switches => Routers
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send data packedts through connected networks and devices; each more advanced than next
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firewall
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unauthroized users
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Client/Server COmpuing laregest implementation
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Internet
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Packet Switching
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more advanced than ciruit switching; sends in packets an reassembles
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Ciruit switinching
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primitive sends everything at once no reassembling
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TCP/IP
Transaction Contropl Protocol/Internet Protocol |
Protocols: ruels govern transmission of info b/w two points
TCP/IP - common worldwide standard basis for Interenet IP - unqiue adress and code for each computer |
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Digital signal
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binary, discrete waveform; EFFICIENT ALWAYs or NEVER
COMPUTER |
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Analog Signal
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continous wavefrom thourgh communiations medium fro voice communication; PHONE, SPEAKER, HEADSEt
Works in varying degrees |
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LAN
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local area network; client/server, ethernet, topologies; connects personal computers to other digital deives 500m radius clos proximity
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WAN
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wide area network; covers braod geographical dsatnces
INTERNET is most powerful |
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PAN
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personal are network - communication for digital devices i.e. pdas are close to a person
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twisted wire
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copper strands basic old transmission
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coaxial wire
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cable
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fiber obtic
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hair size wire
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LAN Wifi
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Wifi is local area network standard for wireless networking
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LAN
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local area network; client/server, ethernet, topologies; connects personal computers to other digital deives 500m radius clos proximity
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Bluetooth
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links up to 8 devices w/in 10m area with low pwoer radio communication
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WAN
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wide area network; covers braod geographical dsatnces
INTERNET is most powerful |
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Satellite
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transmisison large geographically dispersed organizations
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PAN
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personal are network - communication for digital devices i.e. pdas are close to a person
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ISP
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internet service provider - commercial organization sells temporary connections; i.e. roadrunner
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twisted wire
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copper strands basic old transmission
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coaxial wire
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cable
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fiber obtic
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hair size wire
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LAN Wifi
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Wifi is local area network standard for wireless networking
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Bluetooth
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links up to 8 devices w/in 10m area with low pwoer radio communication
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Satellite
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transmisison large geographically dispersed organizations
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ISP
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internet service provider - commercial organization sells temporary connections; i.e. roadrunner
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DNS
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Domain Name System - converts IP adress to domain name
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domain name system/hierarchy
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internet root domain
top level domains .com,.gov,etc second level domain - google Third level domain - sales HOST - sales.google.com COMPUTER1 - computer1.sales.google.com |
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FTP
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File Transfer Protocol
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Why use FTP?
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Transfering files
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Why use HTTP?
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web pages
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HTTP/HTML
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HypertextMarkup Language - communications standard used to transfer pages on web; names protcl used to display web pages
HTML - hyptertext markup language; programing how language; name and name of format; Xerox |
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MOST COMMON WEB SERVER
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APACHE HTTP SERVER
60% of Market |
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VoIP
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Voice over Internet Protocol - delivers voice info in digital form with packet siwthcing to aoid dtools charged local and long distance phone network
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web 2.0
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second generation internet based services enable people to collaborate, share info and create new services online
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web 3.0
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current effots to make using web more productinve
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Semantic Web
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part of web 3.0; collaboative effort to add layer of meaning on top of Web reduce human involvmenet in seraching for & processing web info
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RFID
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Radio Frequency Identification - like ez pass; powerful technology for trakcing movement of goods throughout supply chain
currently too expensive, in time may be cheap and widelye used |
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Waterfall (PAD D. TIM)
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Planning
Analysis Design Development Implementation Testing Maintenance |
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SYSTEM DEVLEOPMENT LIFE CYCLE limitations of waterfall
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doesnt work for knowledge owkers; only with more automated activities; SDLC serves as example
MUST FINISH FIRST PHASE TO CONTINUE BIGGEST PROBLEM: CANNOT GO BACK!! |
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Most costly component SDLC
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DESIGN
most important part |
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Teva automation
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doint too much to comply with sarbox then you dont do well
automating bad process makes it worse |
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Automation
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replace manual tasks, increase efficiency
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rationalization
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streamline standard operating procedures
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bpr
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business process reengineering;
analyze simplify and redesign business process |
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paradigm shifts
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rethink nature of business, define new business model, change nature of organization, going green
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business process management
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manages incremental change in business process
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TQM
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total quality management - achievement of quality control is end in itself; expected to contribute to improvement of quality
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six sigma
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3.4 defects per million trials; about qulaity
stat analysis to defect flaws |
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systems analysis
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defining problem and identifying causes
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operating softwrae
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software that manages resources of computer
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web services
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web services can exchange information b/w two different systems regardless of operating systme or programming languages on which systems are based
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operating system
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manages computer's activities
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feasibility studey DEFINITION
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determines whether or not a solution was feasible or achievable from financial tehcnical and organizational standpoint; if slution was good investment
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types of feasibility studies
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legal time money;
Operational schedule; economic; technlogy |
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RAD
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rapid application development - prototype working but lacks full set of features
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RAD limitations
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not full scale; just because a prototype works doesnt mean the real thing will work
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Agile/Extreme Proraming
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braeaking down into smaller parts; teams have small tabs to put together project; time to market; number of features
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Denver Airport
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automation looks good on paper; but it caused missallocation of things and glitches; millions spend for repairs; employees w handheld devices more efficient
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Opera House
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Utzon told by governmet to construct operahouse in two years ahead of schedule; thechnology wasnt there and it cost way more than it would have
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how to manage brillinat people
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socratic approach; smarties dont want to feel managed; ask them questions so they see your point of view; let some of their ideas become reality
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runaway projects
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30% to 40%
exceed schedule and budget fail to perform as specified |
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Types of System Failure
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fail to capture essential business requirements
fail to provide organizational benefits complicated, poorly organized user interface inaccurate or incosistant data |
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consequences of poor project management
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cost overruns
time slippage technical shortfalls (impairing performance) Failure to obtain anticipated benefits |
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project
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planned series of related activities for specific business objective
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scope
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what is or is not inlcuded in project
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time
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time required to complete project
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cost
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time it takes to complete project X human resource required for it
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5 variables of project management
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scope
time cost quality risk |
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management structure IS projects
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hierarchy in large firms
corporate strategic planning group IS steering committee Project Management Group Project TEam |
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IS plan
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link systems projects to business plans
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Information systems plan
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road map indicating direction of systems development, including purpose, strategy, current situation and systems, development, implementation and budget
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CSF
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critical success factor
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Critical success factor
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relies on interview with key managers; individual CSFs are aggregated to devlop CSFs for entire firm; systems are then built to deliver info on these CSFs
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routine project
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los risk low reward
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high risk high reward
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procede with caution
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low, low
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avoid
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low risk high benefit
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identify and develop
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tangible
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may be quantified and assigned monetary value
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intangible
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cannot be immeidately qunafied but may lead to quantifiable gains in long run i.e. better decision making, DSS
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Capital Budgeting Methods
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Payback Method
Accounting Rate of Return on Investment Net PResent Value Internal Rate of Return IRR |
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ROPM
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Real Options Pricing Model
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Real Options Pricing Model
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concept of options valuation borrowd from financial industry; options valuation gives mangers flexibility to stage IT investment and test projects
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risk management dimensions
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Project risk is influenced by project size (cost, time, units affected)
organizaitional complexity and technology experience also pose risk |
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change management
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requried for successful system buidling new inormation systems that have powerful behavioral and organizational impact
changes how info leads to power; this brings about opposition |
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System Analyst
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role: act as change agent
redefine confiurations, interactions, job activies an power or ogranization; catalyst for change process responsible for ensuring all parties involved accept changes created by new system |
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change managemnt challanges
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70% bpr initiatives fial, MYA same; comingin info of two companies requires substantial organizational change
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GANTT Chart
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lists project activities and corresponding start and completion dates
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PERT Chart
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graphically depicts project tasks and interrelaitonships
specific activite are listed that make up poject and actities that must be completed before specific activity can begin |
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Project Software
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use microsoft project, ms project software!
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Scoring models
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Used to evaluate alternative system projects, especially when many criteria exist
Assigns weights to various features of system and calculates weighted totals |
