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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acceptance testing
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provides the final certification that the system is ready to be used in a production setting
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Automation
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using the computer to speed up the performance of existing tasks
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Benchmarking
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setting strict standards for products, services, or activities and measuring organizational performance against those standards
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Business process reengineering
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the radical redesign of business processes, combining steps to cut waste and eliminating repetitive, paper-intensive tasks to improve cost, quality, and service and to maximize the benefits of information technology
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Component-based development
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building large software systems by combining preexisting software components
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Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
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automation of step-by-step methodologists for software and systems development to reduce the amounts of repetitive work the developer must do
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Conversion
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the process of changing from the old system to the new system
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Critical success factors (CSFs)
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a small number of easily identifiable operational goals shaped by the industry, the firm, the manager, and the broader environment that are believed to assure the success of an organization
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Customization
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the modification of a software package to meet an organization’s unique requirements without destroying the packaged software’s integrity
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Data flow diagram (DFD)
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primary tool for structured analysis that graphically illustrates a system’s component process and the flow of data between them
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Direct cutover
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a risky conversion approach in which the new system completely replaces the old one on an appointed day
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Documentation
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descriptions of how an information system works form either a technical or end-user standpoint
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End-user development
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the development of information systems by end users with little or no formal assistance from technical specialists
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End-user interface
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the part of an information system through which the end user interacts with the system, such as online screens and commands
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Enterprise analysis
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an analysis of organization-wide information requirements made by looking at the entire organization in terms of organizational units, functions, processes, and data elements
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Feasibility study
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as part of the systems analysis process, the way to determine whether the solution is achievable, given the organization’s resources and constraints
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Fourth-generation languages
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a programming language that can be employed directly by end users or less-skilled programmers to develop computer applications more rapidly than conventional programming languages
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Information requirements
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a detailed statement of the information needs that a new system must satisfy
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Information systems plan
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a road map indicating the direction of systems development
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Iterative
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a process of repeating over and over again the steps to build a system
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Joint application design (JAD)
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process to accelerate the generation of information requirements by having end users and information systems specialists work together in intensive interactive design sessions
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Maintenance
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changes in hardware, software, documentation, or procedures to a production system to correct errors, meet new requirements, or improve processing efficiency
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Object
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software building block that combines data and the procedures acting on the data
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Object-oriented development
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approach to systems development that uses the basic unit of systems analysis and design
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Paradigm shift
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radical reconceptualization of the nature of the business and the nature of the organization
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Parallel strategy
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a safe and conservative conversion approach where both the old system and its potential replacement are run together for a time until everyone is assured that the new one functions correctly
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Phased approach
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introduction of the new system in stages either by functions or by organizational units
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Pilot study
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a strategy to introduce the new system to a limited area of the organization until it is proved to be fully functional
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Postimplementation audit
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formal review process conducted after a system has been placed in production to determine how well the system has met its original objectives
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Process specifications
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describe the logic of the processes occurring within the lowest levels of a data flow diagram
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Production
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the stage after the new system is installed and the conversion is complete
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Programming
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the process of translating the system specifications prepared during the design stage into program code
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Prototype
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the preliminary working version of an information system for demonstration and evaluating purposes
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Prototyping
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the process of building an experimental system quickly and inexpensively for demonstration and evaluation so that users can better determine information requirements
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Query languages
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software tool that provides immediate online answers to requests for information that are not predefined
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Rapid application development (RAD)
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process for developing systems in a very short time period by using prototyping, fourth-generation tools, and close teamwork among users and systems specialists
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Rationalization of procedures
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the streamlining of standard operating procedures, eliminating obvious bottlenecks, so that automation makes operating procedures more efficient
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Request for Proposal (RFP)
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a detailed list of questions submitted to vendors of software or other services to determine how well the vendor’s product can meet the organization’s specific requirements
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Six sigma
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a specific measure of quality, representing 3.4 defects per million opportunities
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Structure chart
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system documentation showing each level of design, the relationship among the levels, and the overall place in the design structure
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Structured
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refers to the fact that techniques are carefully drawn up, step by step, with each step building on a previous one
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Systems analysis
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the analysis of a problem that the organization will try to solve with an information system
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Systems design
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details how a system will meet the information requirements as determined by the systems analysis
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Systems development
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the activities that go into producing an information systems solution for an organizational problem or opportunity
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Systems life cycle
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a traditional methodology for developing an information system that partitions the systems development process into formal stages that must be completed sequentially with a very formal division of labor between end users and information systems specialists
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System testing
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tests the functioning of the information system as a whole to determine whether discrete modules will function together as planned
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Test plan
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a plan prepared by the development team in conjunction with the users
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Testing
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the exhaustive and thorough process that determines whether the system produces the desired results under known conditions
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Total quality management (TQM)
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a concept that makes quality control a responsibility to be shared by all people in an organization
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Unified modeling language (UML)
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industry-standard methodology for analysis and design of an object-oriented software system
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Unit testing
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the process of testing each program separately in the system
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Work-flow management
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the process of streamlining business procedures so that documents can be moved easily and efficiently form one
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Change agent
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in the context of implementation, the individual acting as the catalyst during the change process to ensure successful organizational adaptation to a new system or innovation
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Counterimplementation
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a deliberate strategy to thwart the implementation of an information system or an innovation in an organization
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Ergonomics
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the interaction of people and machines in the work environment, including the design of jobs, health issues, and the end-user interface of information systems
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External integration tools
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project management technique that links the work of the implementation team to that of users at all organizational levels
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Formal control tools
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project management technique that helps monitor the progress toward completion of a task and fulfillment of goals
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Formal planning tools
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project management technique that structures and sequences tasks, budgeting time, money, and technical resources required to complete the tasks
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Implementation
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Simon’s final stage of decision making, when the individual puts the decision into effect and reports on the progress of the solution
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Internal integration tools
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project management technique that ensures that the implementation team operates as a cohesive unit
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Man-month
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the traditional unit of measurement used by systems designers to estimate the length of time to complete a project
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Organizational impact analysis
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study of the way a proposed system will affect organizational structure, attitudes, decision making, and operations
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Sociotechnical design
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design to produce information systems that blend technical efficiency with sensitivity to organizational and human needs
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System failure
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an information systems that does not perform as expected, is not operational at a specified time, or cannot be used in the way it was intended
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User-designer communications gap
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the difference in backgrounds, interests, and priorities that impede communications and problem solving among end users and information systems specialists
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User interface
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the part of the information system through which the end user interacts with the system
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AI shell
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the programming environment of an expert system
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Artificial intelligence (AI)
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the effort to develop computer-based systems that can behave like humans, with the ability to learn languages, accomplish physical tasks, use a perceptual apparatus, and emulate human expertise and decision making
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Backward chaining
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a strategy for searching the rule base in an expert system that acts like a problem solver by beginning with a hypothesis is either proved or disproved
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Case-based reasoning (CBR)
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artificial intelligence technology that represents knowledge as a database of cases and solutions
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Chief knowledge officer (CKO)
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senior executive in charge of the organization’s knowledge management program
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Communities of practice (COPs)
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informal social networks of professionals and employees within and outside the firm who have similar work-related activities and interests
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Computer-aided design (CAD)
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information system that automates the creation and revision of designs using sophisticated graphics software
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Document management systems
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digitize, index, and tag documents according to a coherent framework
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Expert systems
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knowledge-intensive computer program that captures the expertise of a human in limited domains of knowledge
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Explicit knowledge
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knowledge that has been documented
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Forward chaining
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a strategy for searching the rule base in an expert system that begins with the information entered by the user and searches the rule base to arrive at a conclusion
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Fuzzy logic
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rule-based artificial intelligence (AI) that tolerates imprecision by using nonspecific terms called membership functions to solve problems
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Genetic algorithms
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problem-solving methods that promote the evolution of solutions to specified problems using the model of living organisms adapting to their environment
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Hybrid AI systems
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integration of multiple artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into a single applications to take advantage of the best features of theses technologies
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Inference engine
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the strategy used to search through the rule base in an expert system
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Intelligent agent
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software program that uses a built-in or learned knowledge base to carry out specific, repetitive, and predictable tasks for an individual user, business process, or software application
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Intelligent techniques
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page 421
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Investment workstations
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powerful desktop computer for financial specialists that is optimized to access and manipulate massive amounts of financial data
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Knowledge
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concepts, experience, and insight that provide a framework for creating, evaluating, and using information
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Knowledge base
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model of human knowledge that is used by expert systems
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Knowledge discovery
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identification of novel and valuable patterns in large databases
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Knowledge engineer
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a specialist who elicits information and expertise from other professionals and translates it into a set of rules, or frames, for an expert system
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Knowledge management
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the set of processes developed in an organization to create, gather, store, maintain, and disseminate the firm’s knowledge
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Knowledge network systems
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online directory for locating corporate experts in well-defined knowledge domains
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Knowledge repository
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collection of documented internal and external knowledge in a single location for more efficient management and utilization by the organization
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Knowledge work systems (KWS)
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Learning management system (LMS)
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tools for the management, delivery, tracking, and assessment of various types of employee learning
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Neural networks
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hardware or software that attempts to emulate the processing patterns of the biological brain
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Organizational learning
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creation of new standard operating procedures and business processes that reflect organizations’ experience
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Rule base
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the collection of knowledge in an artificial intelligence (AI) system that is represented in the form of IF-THEN rules
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Semistructured knowledge
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information in the form of less structured objects, such as e-mail, chat room exchanges, videos, graphics, brochures, or bulletin boards
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Semistructured knowledge systems
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system for organizing and storing less structured information, such as -mail, chat room exchanges, videos, graphics, brochures, or bulletin boards
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Structured knowledge
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knowledge in the form of structured documents and reports
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Structured knowledge systems
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system for organizing structured knowledge in a repository where it can be accessed throughout the organization
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Tacit knowledge
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expertise and experience of organizational members that have not been formally documented
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Taxonomy
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method of classifying things according to a predetermined system
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Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)
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a set of specifications for interactive three dimensional modeling on the World Wide Web
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Virtual reality systems
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interactive graphics software and hardware that create computer-generated simulations that provide sensations that emulate real-world activities
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Wisdom
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the collection and individual experience of applying knowledge to the solution of problems
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Activity-based costing
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model for identifying all the company activities that cause costs to occur while producing a specific product or service so that managers can see which products or services are profitable or losing money and make changes to maximize firm profitability
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Balanced scorecard
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model for analyzing firm performance that supplements traditional financial measures with measurements from additional business perspectives, such as customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth
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Business intelligence
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applications and technologies to help users make better business decisions
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Choice
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Simon’s third strategy of decision making, when the individual selects among the various solution alternatives
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Customer decision-support systems (CDSS)
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system to support the decision-making process of an existing or potential customer
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Data-driven DSS
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system that analyzes large pools of data found in major corporate systems
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Data visualization
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technology for helping users see patterns and relationships in large amounts of data by presenting the data in graphical form
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Design
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Simon’s second stage of decision making, when the individual conceives of possible alternative solutions to a problem
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Digital dashboard
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displays all of a firm’s key performance indicators as graphs and charts on a single screen to provide a one-page overview of all the critical measurements necessary to make key executive decisions
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Drill down
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the ability to move from summary data to lower and lower levels of detail
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DSS database
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a collection of current or historical data from a number of applications or groups
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DSS software systems
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collection of software tools that is used for data analysis, such as online analytical processing (OLAP) tools, data-mining tools, or a collection of mathematical and analytical models
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Geographic information systems (GIS)
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system with software that can analyze and display data using digitized maps to enhance planning and decision making
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Group decision-support systems (GDSS)
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an interactive computer-based system to facilitate the solution of unstructured problems by a set of decision makers working together as a group
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Implementation
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Simon’s final stage of decision making, when the individual puts the decision into effect and reports on the progress of the solution
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Intelligence
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the first of Simon’s four stages of decision making, when the individual collects information to identify problems occurring in the organization
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Model
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an abstract unit of a program that illustrates the components or relationships of a phenomenon
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Model-driven DSS
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primarily standalone system that uses some type model to perform “what-if” and other kinds of analyses
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Predictive analysis
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uses of data-mining techniques, historical data, and assumptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of events
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Sensitivity analysis
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model that ask “what-if” questions repeatedly to determine the impact on outcomes of changes in one or more factors
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Semistructured decisions
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decisions in which only part of the problem has a clear-cut answer provided by an accepted procedure
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Structured decisions
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decisions that are repetitive, routine, and have a definite procedure for handling them
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Unstructured decisions
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nonroutine decisions in which the decision maker must provide judgment, evaluation, and insights into the problem definition
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