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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central Processing Unit
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CPU
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CPU
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The part of the computer that consists of two primary elements, the arithmetic logic unit and the control unit
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arithmetic/logic unit
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ALU
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ALU
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portion of the cpu that performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons
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control unit
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part of the cpu that sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of the ALU, primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices
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instruction time
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the time it takes to perform the fetch-instruction and decode-instruction steps of the instruction phase
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execution time
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the time it takes to execute an instruction and store the results
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machine cycle
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the instruction phase followed by the execution phase
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clock speed
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a series of electronic pulses, produced at a predetermined rate, that affect machine cycle time
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wordlength
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the number of bits the CPU can process at one time
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Moore's Law
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a hypothesis that states that transistor densities on a single chip will double every 18 months
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superconductivity
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a property of certain metals that allows current to flow with minimal electrical resistance
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byte
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eight bits together that represent a single character of data
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RAM-random access memory
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a form of memory in which instructions or data can be temporarily stored
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read-only memory (ROM)
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a nonvolatile form of memory
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multiprocessing
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simultaneous execution of two or more instructions
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coprocessor
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part of the computer that speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity
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parallel processing
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a form of multiprocessing that speeds processing by linking several processors to operate at the same time, or in parallel
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secondary storage
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devices that store larger amounts of data, instructions, and information more permanently than allowed with main memory, also called permanent storage
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sequential access
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retrieval method in which data must be accessed in the order in which it is stored
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direct access
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retrieval method in which data can be retrieved without the need to read and discard other data.
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Sequential access storage device
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SASD
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SASD
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device used to sequentially access secondary storage data
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direct access storage device
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DASD
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DASD
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device used for direct access of secondary storage data
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magnetic tape
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common secondary storage medium; Mylar film coated with iron oxide, with portions of the tape magnetized to represent bits
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magnetic disk
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common secondary storage medium, bits are represented by magnetized areas
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redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks
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RAID
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RAID
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method of storing data that allows the system to create a "reconstruction map" so that if a hard drive fails, it can rebuild lost data
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storage area network
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SAN
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SAN
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technology that uses computer servers distributed storage devices and networks to tie the storage system together
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optical disk
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a rigid disk of plastic onto which data is recorded by special lasers that physically burn pits in the disk
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compact disk read-only memory
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a common form of optical
disk on which data, once it has been recorded, cannot be modified |
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optical disk
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a rigid disk of plastic onto
which data is recorded by special lasers that physically burn pits in the disk |
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magneto-optical disk
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a hybrid
between a magnetic disk and an optical disk |
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digital versatile disk
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storage medium used to store digital video or computer data
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Digital versatile disk
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DVD
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Expandable storage-devices
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storage that uses removable disk cartridges to provide additional storage capacity
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voice-recognition device
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an input device that recognizes human speech
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digital computer camera
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input device used with a PC to record and store images and video in digital form
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pixel
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a dot of color on a photo image or a point of light on a display screen
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magnetic ink character recognition
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MICR
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MICR
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system for reading data on the bottom of a check or other form using magnetic ink
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point-of-sale devices
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terminals used in retail operations to enter sales information into the computer system
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MP3
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music format for the internet; abbreviation for motion picture experts group audio layer 3
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personal computer
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relatively small, inexpensive computer system, sometimes called a microcomputer
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network computer
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a cheaper-to-buy and cheaper-to-run version of the personal computer that is used primarily for accessing networks and the Internet
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workstation
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computer that fits between high-end microcomputers and low-end midrange computers in terms of cost and processing power
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Web appliance
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a device that can connect to the internet, typically through a phone line
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midrange computer
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formerly called a minicomputer, a system about the size of a small three-drawer file cabinet that can accommodate several users at one time
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mainframe computer
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large, powerful computer often shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine via terminals
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supercomputers
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the most powerful computer systems with the fastest processing speeds
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computer server
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a computer designed for a specific task, such as network or internet applications
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computer programs
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sequences of instructions for the computer
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documentation
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text that describes the program functions and helps the user operate the computer system
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systems hardware
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the set of programs designed to coordinate the activities and functions of the hardware and various programs throughout the computer system
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computer system platform
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the combination of a particular hardware configuration and system software package
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application software
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programs that help users solve particular computing problems
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sphere of influence
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the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization
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personal productivity software
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software that enables users to improve their personal effectiveness, increasing the amount of work they can do and its quality
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user interface
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element of the operating system that allows individuals to access and command the computer system
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operating system
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a set of computer programs that control the computer hardware and act as an interface to application programs
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command-based user interface
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a user interface that requires that text commands be given to the computer to perform basic activities
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Graphical user interface
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GUI
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GUI
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an interface that uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send commands to the computer system
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application program interface
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API
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API
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interface that allows applications to make use of the operating system
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multitasking
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capability that allows a user to run more than one application at the same time
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time-sharing
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capability that allows more than one person to use a computer system at the same time
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scalability
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the ability of the computer to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly
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proprietary software
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a one-of-a-kind program for a specific application
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off-the-shelf software
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existing software program
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contract software
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software developed for a particular company
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application service provider
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ASP
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ASP
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a company that provides both end-user support and the computers on which to run the software from the user's facilities
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software suite
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a collection of single-application software packages in a bundle
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programming language
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coding schemes used to write both systems and application software
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syntax
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a set of rules associated with a programming language
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Hardware devices work together to perform 4 things
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input, processing, data storage, and output
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Processing is performed by an interplay between the ____ and ____
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CPU and memory
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________ or memory, provides working storage for program instructions and data to be processed and provides them to the ___
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Primary storage; CPU
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Together, a ___ and _____ process data and execute instructions
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CPU; memory
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Processing that uses several processing units is called
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multiprocessing
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One form of multiprocessing uses ________
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coprocessors
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__________ execute one type of instruction while the CPU works on others
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coprocessors
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________ processing involves linking several processors to work together to solve complex problems
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parallel
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Computer systems can store larger amounts of data and instructions in _____________, which is less volatile and has greater capacity than memory.
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secondary storage
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Storage media can be either ___ access or ____ access
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sequential ;direct
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Common forms of secondary storage include
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magnetic tape, magnetic disk, optical disk storage, and PC memory cards
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______ is a method of storing data that allows the system to more easily recover data in the event of a hardware failure
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RAID or redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks
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_____ uses computer servers, distributed storage devices and networks to provide fast and efficient storage
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SAN-storage area network
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____ and _____ devices allow users to provide data and instructions to the computer for ______ and allow subsequent storage and output.
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input; output; processing
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Input and output devices are part of a ____ _________ through which humans interact with computer systems
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user interface
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Input and output devices vary widely, but they share common characteristics of ____ ______
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speed and functionality
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______ are input devices that convert images and text into _____ digits
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Scanners; binary
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_________devices are terminals with scanners that read and enter codes into computer systems
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Point-of-sale (POS)
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___ _____ ___are terminals with keyboards used for transactions
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Automatic teller machines (ATMs)
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Output devices provide information in different forms, from ____ ____to sound to ___ _____.
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hard copy; digital format
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Display monitors are standard output devices; monitor quality is determined by 3 things, name them.
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size, number of colors that can be displayed, and resolution
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Other output devices include ___ and ___
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printers and plotters.
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The main computer system types are personal computers, ______ computers, _____computers, and supercomputers
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midrange; mainframe
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Personal computers (PCs) are small, inexpensive computer systems. Two major types of PCs are _____ and ____ computers
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desktop;laptop
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__________ computers are increasingly popular for portable computing and communications needs
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Handheld (palmtop)
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___ ____add features and capabilites to other products such as automobiles and household appliances
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Embedded computers
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The network computer is a diskless, inexpensive computer used for accessing _____ ________ and the_____
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server-based applications;Internet.
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______ _____connect users to the Internet
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Web appliances
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Workstations are advanced PCs with 3 greater things.
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memory, processing, and graphics abilities
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Midrange computers are filing cabinet-size computers that have greater ___ ______ and support ___ ____
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secondary storage;transaction processing.
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Even larger mainframes have higher processing capabilities, while supercomputers are ___ ____ computers used to solve the most intensive computing problems.
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extremely fast
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There are two main categories of software: .
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systems software and application software
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________is a collection of programs that act as a buffer between hardware and application software
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Systems software
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Application software enables people to solve_________and perform _________ ____
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problems; specific tasks.
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An _____ ______ is a set of computer programs that controls the computer hardware to support users' computing needs
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operating system (OS)
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OS hardware functions convert an ______ from an application into a set of instructions needed by the ______
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instruction; hardware
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The OS also serves as an ______between application programs and hardware, allowing hardware independence
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intermediary
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_____ ______involves controlling storage access and use by converting ____ _____into physical locations and by placing data in the best storage space.
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Memory management; logical requests
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Task management allocates computer resources through two things:
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multitasking and time-sharing.
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With _______, users can run more than one application at a time
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multitasking
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________allows more than one person to use a computer system at the same time.
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Time-sharing
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An OS also provides a ____ _____, which allows users to access and command the computer.
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user interface
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Over the years, several popular operating systems have been developed. These include several ___ _____systems used primarily on mainframes
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proprietary operating
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MS-DOS is an early OS for IBM-compatibles. Newer versions, such as Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows NT, Windows ME, and Windows XP are fully functional operating systems with ____ _____ ______
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graphical user interfaces
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Apple computers typically use a proprietary operating system, the Mac OS. ____is the leading portable operating system, usable on many computer system types and platforms. Linux is an operating system whose source code is available to everyone.
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Unix ; Linux
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Application software may be proprietary or off-the-shelf. Although there are literally hundreds of computer applications that can help individuals at school, home, and work, the primary ones are (list 5).
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word processing, spreadsheet analysis, database, graphics, and on-line services
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Application software applies the power of the computer to solve ______ and _____ ______ ____ Application software can support individuals, groups, and organizations.
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problems; perform specific tasks.
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User software, or ___ ____ ____, includes general-purpose programs that enable users to improve their personal _______, increasing the amount of work and its quality
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personal productivity software; effectiveness
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Software that helps groups work together is often referred to as _____. _____ software that benefits the entire organization can also be developed or purchased.
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groupware; Enterprise
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Three approaches organizations use to obtain applications are as follows: (1) build _____ _____software, (2) buy existing programs ___ ____ ____, or (3) use a combination of ______and off-the-shelf application software
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proprietary application;off the shelf; customized
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There are five generations of _______languages, plus ____ ______programming languages
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programming; object-oriented
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End users learn and typically use fourth-generation programming languages such as
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visual C++, Visual Basic, Focus, Powerhouse and SAS
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These fourth-generation languages are less ______ and more Englishlike than the first three generations of programming languages, which are typically used by
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procedural; IS professionals
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_____ _____programming languages, such as Small talk, C++, C#, 'and Java, use groups of related data, instructions, and procedures called objects, which serve as reusable modules in various programs.
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Object-oriented
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These object-oriented programming languages can reduce program development and testing time. ____can be used to develop applications on the Internet
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Java
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According to the Pentagon and the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University, there are typically ___ to ____in every 1000 lines of code
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5;15
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Software manufacturers want to ____ their software to lock in a steady, predictable stream of revenue from customers and to encourage customers to move to the latest releases of their software products to _____the effort required to support out-of-date products.
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license; minimize
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There are numerous types of software licenses to help accomplish these objectives including (list 4)
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capacity based, network service, subscription and volume based.
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