Minerals And Trace Elements

Front 1

Important for teeth and bone

Back 1

Calcium and Phosphorus

Front 2

important for hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes

Back 2

iron

Front 3

important for maintaining fluid balance, as well as nerve conduction and muscle contraction

Back 3

sodium and potassium

Front 4

important for thyroid hormone production

Back 4

iodine

Front 5

important for maitaining acid balance

Back 5

potassium and phosphorus

Front 6

bone related calcium exists primarily as

Back 6

hydroxyapetite

Front 7

hydroxyapetite is composed primarily of

Back 7

calcium and phosphorus

Front 8

what mineral activates thrombin

Back 8

calcium

Front 9

how does Ca effect blood clotting

Back 9

it is an activator of the protein thrombin

Front 10

whos ions fit neatly into folds of peptide chains

Back 10

calcium

Front 11

Pb and cadmium substitute well for

Back 11

calcium

Front 12

the __ in green leafy veggies is sometimes unavailable because it is bound to chelating compounds

Back 12

calcium

Front 13

does gastic acid enhance or reduce absorption of calcium

Back 13

enhance

Front 14

high dietary mg zn p enhance or reduce calcium absorption

Back 14

reduce

Front 15

three things that enhance renal excretion of calcium

Back 15

high sodium diet, caffeine, excessive dietary protein

Front 16

high sodium diet, caffeine, and excessive dietary protein increase renal excretion of

Back 16

calcium

Front 17

calcium to phosphate intake ratio should be about

Back 17

2:1

Front 18

what is the main intracellular cation?

Back 18

potassium (K)

Front 19

what is the major extracellular cation?

Back 19

sodium

Front 20

total body water tightly regulated by what two hormones from where

Back 20

vasopressin from pituitary and aldosterone from adrenal glands

Front 21

DASH diet seeks to stop

Back 21

hypertension

Front 22

DASH diet consists mostly of

Back 22

fruits, veggies, low fat dairy products

Front 23

glycosaminoglycans and proteogylcans contain

Back 23

sulfur

Front 24

breakdown of what two amino acids procides sulfur

Back 24

cysteine and methionine

Front 25

gluthione, an important antioxidant, contains

Back 25

sulfur

Front 26

which vitamins contain sulfur

Back 26

thiamine and biotin

Front 27

thiamine and biotin contain which mineral

Back 27

sulfur

Front 28

is chloride intra or extracellular?

Back 28

extracellular

Front 29

a genetic defect in the chloride transporter results in

Back 29

cystic fibrosis

Front 30

cystic fibrosis results from a genetic defect in the

Back 30

chloride transporter

Front 31

what does magnesium mind

Back 31

negatively charged molecules

Front 32

what mineral is involved in skeletal/cardiac muscle relaxation

Back 32

magnesium

Front 33

the predominant role of Mg is in

Back 33

ATP utilization

Front 34

the predominant role of __ is in ATP utilization

Back 34

Mg

Front 35

what mineral plays a crucial role in kinase activity

Back 35

Mg

Front 36

what mineral is essential in maintaining intracellular Ca and K balance?

Back 36

Mg

Front 37

what regulates the expression of Na/K ATPase and Ca channels

Back 37

Mg

Front 38

Mg depletion has what effect on intracellular K

Back 38

reduces intracellular K (reduces Na/K pumps)

Front 39

what happens to Ca levels when there is Mg depletion

Back 39

intracellular Ca rises

Front 40

is the relationship between blood pressure and mg levels direct or inverse?

Back 40

inverse (high bp associated with low mg)

Front 41

what is the "cycle" with mg and diabetes?

Back 41

hyperglycemia leads to Mg loss leading to impaired insulin secretion worsening glycemic control

Front 42

hyperglycemia leads to __ loss resulting in impaired insulin secretion and worsening hyperglycemia

Back 42

Mg

Front 43

in chloryphyll instead of iron a __ is there

Back 43

mg

Front 44

Iron can exist in oxidation states ranging from

Back 44

-2 - 6

Front 45

for iron, which is ferrous and which is ferric

Back 45

ferrous is +2, ferric is +3

Front 46

the conversion of proline to hydroxyproline requires the enzyme proline hydroxylase as well as (2)

Back 46

iron and vitamin C

Front 47

Brain structure and function is highly dependent upon which trace element

Back 47

iron

Front 48

in what state is iron toxic to cells

Back 48

free iron is toxic to cells

Front 49

how does ferritin protect cells

Back 49

binds to free iron

Front 50

serum levels of what reflect total body stores of iron

Back 50

ferritin

Front 51

what does transferrin do

Back 51

delivers iron from GI tract to liver and tissues

Front 52

are levels of transferrin increased or decreased in iron deficiency

Back 52

increased

Front 53

what does ferroportin do

Back 53

transports iron out of cells

Front 54

an assault on the body cause cause increased levels of ___ leading to potentially incorrect serum level interpretations

Back 54

ferritin

Front 55

what four metals are transported by the divalent metal transporter

Back 55

copper, iron, manganese, zinc

Front 56

what state does the body prefer iron to be in

Back 56

ferrous (2+)

Front 57

what form is iron in plants and dairy products

Back 57

non-heme (3+)

Front 58

what form is iron in meat

Back 58

heme (2+)

Front 59

which form of thyroid hormone is more biologically active

Back 59

T3 (but there is more T4 circulating)

Front 60

what do goitrogens do?

Back 60

block thyroid hormone synthesis

Front 61

vegetables in the genus brassica are

Back 61

goitrogens

Front 62

will people who eat a lot of cabbage have hypo or hyperthyroidism

Back 62

hypothyroidism (it's a goitrogen which blocks thyroid hormone synthesis)

Front 63

babies with cretinism are born to mothers with

Back 63

iodine deficiency

Front 64

babies born to mothers with iodine deficiency can have

Back 64

cretinism

Front 65

myxedema coma results from

Back 65

severe hypothyroidism

Front 66

what protects mitochondrial components from SO

Back 66

manganese

Front 67

___ is a divalent cation involved in the formation of bone and in amino acid, cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism

Back 67

manganese

Front 68

Nuts, grains and pineapple are excellent sources of

Back 68

Manganese

Front 69

Pyruvate carboxylase and PEPCK are __ - containing enzymes

Back 69

Mn

Front 70

what trace mineral is involved in the rate limiting step of gluconeogenesis

Back 70

Mn

Front 71

__ is a divalent cation and functions as a component of a number of metalloenzymes acting as oxidases to achieve the reduction of molecular oxygen, the synthesis of collagen, and catecholamines

Back 71

copper

Front 72

Lysyl oxidase, monoamine oxidase contain

Back 72

copper

Front 73

ceruloplasmin/ferroxidase 1 contains

Back 73

copper

Front 74

what enzyme is essential in achieving irons binding to transferrin

Back 74

Ceruloplasm (oxidizes ferrous iron 2+ --> 3+)

Front 75

in a setting of __ insufficiency, anemia refractory to iron supplementation might develop

Back 75

copper

Front 76

what two supplements must you consider in treating anemia

Back 76

copper

Front 77

SOD1, Tyrosinase, Dopamine beta-hydroxylase: all contain

Back 77

copper

Front 78

what must you look out for with someone who just got bariatric surgery

Back 78

Cu deficiency

Front 79

Growth and development, peptide and protein synthesis, cell wall integrity, immunity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory: which element?

Back 79

Zinc

Front 80

__ domains assist in protein folding

Back 80

Zn

Front 81

what act as DNA binding transcription factors

Back 81

Zn fingers

Front 82

what is a major hormonal pathway that zinc is involved with

Back 82

insulin synthesis and secretion

Front 83

what is the relationship between dietary zinc intake and plasma zinc

Back 83

none!

Front 84

acrodermatitis enteropathica can result from

Back 84

zinc deficiency

Front 85

young boys with highly retarded growth and genital development should be treated with

Back 85

zinc

Front 86

thioredoxin reductase contains

Back 86

selenium

Front 87

thioredoxin reductase is a high-capacity hydrogen donor for

Back 87

reductive enzymes

Front 88

what trace mineral is involved with the regeneration of asorbic acid

Back 88

selenium

Front 89

excess zinc intake can lead to deficiency in what (2)

Back 89

copper and iron

Front 90

adequate magnesium is required to maintain balance of

Back 90

calcium and potassium