Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
268 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Explain the difference between rill and gully erosion
|
Rill: water carves small stream channels in a slope
Gully: when a rill channel gets wider and deeper over time |
|
|
|
Explain the types of weathering
|
Mechanical: rock breaking off smaller pieces without changing the composition
Chemical: when the rock's mineral composition changes |
|
|
|
Name some examples of mechanical weathering
|
Frost wedging (ice expands after freezing)
Abrasion (moving rocks scratch bigger rocks) Exfoliation (rocks expand upwards after erosion lowers the pressure on them after lifting off upper layers) |
|
|
|
Why is colour a bad test for identifying minerals?
|
Colour is deceiving because it can be altered by a chemical impurity
|
|
|
|
Why is colour a bad test for identifying minerals?
|
Colour is deceiving because it can be altered by a chemical impurity
|
|
|
|
Explain crystal form
|
The geometric structure of a crystal or mineral, depends on how the mineral cools. Ex: sheets, cubes, hexagons, etc.
|
|
|
|
Why is colour a bad test for identifying minerals?
|
Colour is deceiving because it can be altered by a chemical impurity
|
|
|
|
Explain crystal form
|
The geometric structure of a crystal or mineral, depends on how the mineral cools. Ex: sheets, cubes, hexagons, etc.
|
|
|
|
Explain lustre
|
The character of light reflected by a mineral. Ex: metallic, non metallic, or sub-metallic
|
|
|
|
Why is colour a bad test for identifying minerals?
|
Colour is deceiving because it can be altered by a chemical impurity
|
|
|
|
Explain crystal form
|
The geometric structure of a crystal or mineral, depends on how the mineral cools. Ex: sheets, cubes, hexagons, etc.
|
|
|
|
Explain lustre
|
The character of light reflected by a mineral. Ex: metallic, non metallic, or sub-metallic
|
|
|
|
Explain hardness
|
The ability for one material to scratch another
|
|
|
|
Why is colour a bad test for identifying minerals?
|
Colour is deceiving because it can be altered by a chemical impurity
|
|
|
|
Explain crystal form
|
The geometric structure of a crystal or mineral, depends on how the mineral cools. Ex: sheets, cubes, hexagons, etc.
|
|
|
|
Explain lustre
|
The character of light reflected by a mineral. Ex: metallic, non metallic, or sub-metallic
|
|
|
|
Explain hardness
|
The ability for one material to scratch another
|
|
|
|
Explain specific gravity/density
|
The ratio of the mass of a given volume of mineral to the mass of an equal volume of water, i.e. The mass compared to the volume
|
|
|
|
What is the Moh's Hardness Scale?
|
A relative scale of the hardness of various minerals
|
|
|
|
Explain streak
|
The colour of a mineral when powdered, esp by a streak plate
|
|
|
|
What tool is used to measure radioactivity?
|
A Geiger counter
|
|
|
|
What tool is used to measure radioactivity?
|
A Geiger counter
|
|
|
|
Define "mineral"
|
- Naturally occurring
- Crystalline solid - Inorganic - Specific chemical formula and crystal structure |
|
|
|
What is a polymorph?
|
A mineral that has the same chemical formula as another mineral but unique crystal structure. Ex: diamond and coal are both carbon but have different crystal structures
|
|
|
|
What is a polymorph?
|
A mineral that has the same chemical formula as another mineral but unique crystal structure. Ex: diamond and coal are both carbon but have different crystal structures
|
|
|
|
Name the 7 mineral groups
|
Silicates
Sulfides Sulfates Carbonates Oxides Halides Native elements |
|
|
|
What is a polymorph?
|
A mineral that has the same chemical formula as another mineral but unique crystal structure. Ex: diamond and coal are both carbon but have different crystal structures
|
|
|
|
Name the 7 mineral groups
|
Silicates
Sulfides Sulfates Carbonates Oxides Halides Native elements |
|
|
|
What are the 2 most abundant minerals?
|
Feldspar and Quartz, both sulfates
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks
|
Extrusive rocks form quickly above the Earths surface, where the lava cools rapidly, leading to very small grains (like in glass)
Intrusive/plutonic rocks form slowly below the surface, where there is more time for large grains to form. |
|
|
|
How are igneous rocks formed?
|
By the cooling and crystallization of magma
|
|
|
|
What is a polymorph?
|
A mineral that has the same chemical formula as another mineral but unique crystal structure. Ex: diamond and coal are both carbon but have different crystal structures
|
|
|
|
Name the 7 mineral groups
|
Silicates
Sulfides Sulfates Carbonates Oxides Halides Native elements |
|
|
|
What are the 2 most abundant minerals?
|
Feldspar and Quartz, both sulfates
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks
|
Extrusive rocks form quickly above the Earths surface, where the lava cools rapidly, leading to very small grains (like in glass)
Intrusive/plutonic rocks form slowly below the surface, where there is more time for large grains to form. |
|
|
|
How are igneous rocks formed?
|
By the cooling and crystallization of magma
|
|
|
|
What is a polymorph?
|
A mineral that has the same chemical formula as another mineral but unique crystal structure. Ex: diamond and coal are both carbon but have different crystal structures
|
|
|
|
Name the 7 mineral groups
|
Silicates
Sulfides Sulfates Carbonates Oxides Halides Native elements |
|
|
|
What are the 2 most abundant minerals?
|
Feldspar and Quartz, both sulfates
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks
|
Extrusive rocks form quickly above the Earths surface, where the lava cools rapidly, leading to very small grains (like in glass)
Intrusive/plutonic rocks form slowly below the surface, where there is more time for large grains to form. |
|
|
|
How are igneous rocks formed?
|
By the cooling and crystallization of magma
|
|
|
|
What is a phaneritic rock?
|
A rock whose grains are large enough to be seen by the naked eye
|
|
|
|
What is a polymorph?
|
A mineral that has the same chemical formula as another mineral but unique crystal structure. Ex: diamond and coal are both carbon but have different crystal structures
|
|
|
|
Name the 7 mineral groups
|
Silicates
Sulfides Sulfates Carbonates Oxides Halides Native elements |
|
|
|
What are the 2 most abundant minerals?
|
Feldspar and Quartz, both sulfates
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks
|
Extrusive rocks form quickly above the Earths surface, where the lava cools rapidly, leading to very small grains (like in glass)
Intrusive/plutonic rocks form slowly below the surface, where there is more time for large grains to form. |
|
|
|
How are igneous rocks formed?
|
By the cooling and crystallization of magma
|
|
|
|
What is a phaneritic rock?
|
A rock whose grains are large enough to be seen by the naked eye
|
|
|
|
What is a pegmatite?
|
A rock with extremely large, visible grains
|
|
|
|
What is a polymorph?
|
A mineral that has the same chemical formula as another mineral but unique crystal structure. Ex: diamond and coal are both carbon but have different crystal structures
|
|
|
|
Name the 7 mineral groups
|
Silicates
Sulfides Sulfates Carbonates Oxides Halides Native elements |
|
|
|
What are the 2 most abundant minerals?
|
Feldspar and Quartz, both sulfates
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks
|
Extrusive rocks form quickly above the Earths surface, where the lava cools rapidly, leading to very small grains (like in glass)
Intrusive/plutonic rocks form slowly below the surface, where there is more time for large grains to form. |
|
|
|
How are igneous rocks formed?
|
By the cooling and crystallization of magma
|
|
|
|
What is a phaneritic rock?
|
A rock whose grains are large enough to be seen by the naked eye
|
|
|
|
What is a pegmatite?
|
A rock with extremely large, visible grains
|
|
|
|
What is an aphanitic rock?
|
A dark rock with grains so small they are not visible
|
|
|
|
What is a polymorph?
|
A mineral that has the same chemical formula as another mineral but unique crystal structure. Ex: diamond and coal are both carbon but have different crystal structures
|
|
|
|
Name the 7 mineral groups
|
Silicates
Sulfides Sulfates Carbonates Oxides Halides Native elements |
|
|
|
What are the 2 most abundant minerals?
|
Feldspar and Quartz, both sulfates
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks
|
Extrusive rocks form quickly above the Earths surface, where the lava cools rapidly, leading to very small grains (like in glass)
Intrusive/plutonic rocks form slowly below the surface, where there is more time for large grains to form. |
|
|
|
How are igneous rocks formed?
|
By the cooling and crystallization of magma
|
|
|
|
What is a phaneritic rock?
|
A rock whose grains are large enough to be seen by the naked eye
|
|
|
|
What is a pegmatite?
|
A rock with extremely large, visible grains
|
|
|
|
What is an aphanitic rock?
|
A dark rock with grains so small they are not visible
|
|
|
|
What is a porphyritic rock?
|
A rock with a mixture of large grains and small grains
|
|
|
|
What is a polymorph?
|
A mineral that has the same chemical formula as another mineral but unique crystal structure. Ex: diamond and coal are both carbon but have different crystal structures
|
|
|
|
Name the 7 mineral groups
|
Silicates
Sulfides Sulfates Carbonates Oxides Halides Native elements |
|
|
|
What are the 2 most abundant minerals?
|
Feldspar and Quartz, both sulfates
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks
|
Extrusive rocks form quickly above the Earths surface, where the lava cools rapidly, leading to very small grains (like in glass)
Intrusive/plutonic rocks form slowly below the surface, where there is more time for large grains to form. |
|
|
|
How are igneous rocks formed?
|
By the cooling and crystallization of magma
|
|
|
|
What is a phaneritic rock?
|
A rock whose grains are large enough to be seen by the naked eye
|
|
|
|
What is a pegmatite?
|
A rock with extremely large, visible grains
|
|
|
|
What is an aphanitic rock?
|
A dark rock with grains so small they are not visible
|
|
|
|
What is a porphyritic rock?
|
A rock with a mixture of large grains and small grains
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between felsic and mafic rocks
|
Felsic (acidic) rocks contain a high (above 68%) level of silica, feldspar and Quartz, and are usually light in colour
Mafic (basic) rocks contain low (45-55%) silica and are dark in colour |
|
|
|
What is a polymorph?
|
A mineral that has the same chemical formula as another mineral but unique crystal structure. Ex: diamond and coal are both carbon but have different crystal structures
|
|
|
|
What is Bowen's reaction series?
|
The order by which rocks cool/crystallize. Mafic rocks cool first, then felsic rocks.
|
|
|
|
Name the 7 mineral groups
|
Silicates
Sulfides Sulfates Carbonates Oxides Halides Native elements |
|
|
|
What are the 2 most abundant minerals?
|
Feldspar and Quartz, both sulfates
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks
|
Extrusive rocks form quickly above the Earths surface, where the lava cools rapidly, leading to very small grains (like in glass)
Intrusive/plutonic rocks form slowly below the surface, where there is more time for large grains to form. |
|
|
|
How are igneous rocks formed?
|
By the cooling and crystallization of magma
|
|
|
|
What is a phaneritic rock?
|
A rock whose grains are large enough to be seen by the naked eye
|
|
|
|
What is a pegmatite?
|
A rock with extremely large, visible grains
|
|
|
|
What is an aphanitic rock?
|
A dark rock with grains so small they are not visible
|
|
|
|
What is a porphyritic rock?
|
A rock with a mixture of large grains and small grains
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between felsic and mafic rocks
|
Felsic (acidic) rocks contain a high (above 68%) level of silica, feldspar and Quartz, and are usually light in colour
Mafic (basic) rocks contain low (45-55%) silica and are dark in colour |
|
|
|
Which side of the Bowen Reaction series features rocks rich in iron?
|
The left side (discontinuous branch, i.e. Abrupt changes)
|
|
|
|
Which side of the Bowen Reaction series features rocks rich in iron?
|
The left side (discontinuous branch, i.e. Abrupt changes)
|
|
|
|
Which side of the Bowen reaction series features rocks that are rich in calcium and sodium?
|
The right side (continuous branch where calcium turns into sodium as temperature decreases)
|
|
|
|
Why does the silica concentration of rocks increase as the rock cools?
|
Because mafic (low silica) minerals cool first and the felsic (high silica) minerals are left to cool later on
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between weathering and erosion
|
In weathering, no movement of sediment is involved unlike in erosion
|
|
|
|
What is a clast?
|
A fragment of rock removed from an outcrop
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between weathering and erosion
|
In weathering, no movement of sediment is involved unlike in erosion
|
|
|
|
What is a clast?
|
A fragment of rock removed from an outcrop
|
|
|
|
What is lithification?
|
As pressure increases, water is squeezed out and the grains are compacted together tighter
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between weathering and erosion
|
In weathering, no movement of sediment is involved unlike in erosion
|
|
|
|
What is a clast?
|
A fragment of rock removed from an outcrop
|
|
|
|
What is lithification?
|
As pressure increases, water is squeezed out and the grains are compacted together tighter
|
|
|
|
Lithification causes the cementing together of grains. What agent is used?
|
Quartz and calcite |
|
|
|
At what do minerals weather?
|
The exact opposite to Bowen's reaction series. Felsic minerals weather first then mafic.
|
|
|
|
What is deposition?
|
The depositing of eroded sediments
|
|
|
|
Name the three groups of sedimentary rocks
|
Clastic, chemical, and organic
|
|
|
|
How do chemical sedimentary rocks form?
|
The precipitation of minerals in a marine environment, and the evaporation of minerals from a marine environment
|
|
|
|
At what do minerals weather?
|
The exact opposite to Bowen's reaction series. Felsic minerals weather first then mafic.
|
|
|
|
What is deposition?
|
The depositing of eroded sediments
|
|
|
|
Name the three groups of sedimentary rocks
|
Clastic, chemical, and organic
|
|
|
|
How do chemical sedimentary rocks form?
|
The precipitation of minerals in a marine environment, and the evaporation of minerals from a marine environment
|
|
|
|
Explain organic sedimentary rocks
|
From once living things. Ex coal or fossiliferous limestone
|
|
|
|
What pattern occurs as you go down a series of sediment layers?
|
Grains become heavier and coarser near the bottom layers because heavy grains deposit faster
|
|
|
|
What pattern occurs as you go down a series of sediment layers?
|
Grains become heavier and coarser near the bottom layers because heavy grains deposit faster
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between graded bedding and cross bedding
|
In graded bedding, layers are organized in parallel lines, often found in marine sediments
In cross bedding, layers are mixed up as grains move across a horizontal surface, creating wrinkles (like in the desert) |
|
|
|
What pattern occurs as you go down a series of sediment layers?
|
Grains become heavier and coarser near the bottom layers because heavy grains deposit faster
|
|
|
|
Explain the difference between graded bedding and cross bedding
|
In graded bedding, layers are organized in parallel lines, often found in marine sediments
In cross bedding, layers are mixed up as grains move across a horizontal surface, creating wrinkles (like in the desert) |
|
|
|
What is a metamorphic rock?
|
A rock whose mineralogy and/or texture has been changed by processes within the earth (without actually melting the rock, which would produce an igneous rock)
|
|
|
|
What happens to the size of grains after metamorphism?
|
Grains usually get coarser
|
|
|
|
What is the geothermal gradient?
|
As one goes deeper in the earth, temperature increases, specifically by 30 degrees Celsius per kilometre down
|
|
|
|
What is the difference between foliated and non-foliated (granular) metamorphic rocks?
|
In granular metamorphic rocks, the grains just get larger, and the rock is uniform in comparison. For foliated rocks, the minerals line up perpendicular to the direction of stress
|
|
|
|
What various patterns can be produced by metamorphic foliation?
|
Slaty cleavage (waves), then schistosity (mix of waves and bands), then finally banding (bands)
|
|
|
|
What does the grade of a rock refer to?
|
The amount of change experienced, depends on the level of heat and pressure. High grade = high heat/pressure = high change
|
|
|
|
Name the 3 types of metamorphism
|
Contact/thermal, regional, and dynamic.
|
|
|
|
Name the 3 types of metamorphism
|
Contact/thermal, regional, and dynamic.
|
|
|
|
Explain contact/thermal metamorphism
|
Often produced by the intrusion of magma, which metamorphosizes the surrounding rock (called contact aureole). Heat is the main factor! Pressure is not as relevant.
|
|
|
|
Name the 3 types of metamorphism
|
Contact/thermal, regional, and dynamic.
|
|
|
|
Explain contact/thermal metamorphism
|
Often produced by the intrusion of magma, which metamorphosizes the surrounding rock (called contact aureole). Heat is the main factor! Pressure is not as relevant.
|
|
|
|
Define a contact aureole
|
The metamorphosed area surrounding an igneous/magna intrusion in a metamorphic rock
|
|
|
|
Name the 3 types of metamorphism
|
Contact/thermal, regional, and dynamic.
|
|
|
|
Explain contact/thermal metamorphism
|
Often produced by the intrusion of magma, which metamorphosizes the surrounding rock (called contact aureole). Heat is the main factor! Pressure is not as relevant.
|
|
|
|
Define a contact aureole
|
The metamorphosed area surrounding an igneous/magna intrusion in a metamorphic rock
|
|
|
|
Explain regional metamorphosism
|
The most common type, produced in the crust within the earth, over large regions
|
|
|
|
Name the 3 types of metamorphism
|
Contact/thermal, regional, and dynamic.
|
|
|
|
Explain contact/thermal metamorphism
|
Often produced by the intrusion of magma, which metamorphosizes the surrounding rock (called contact aureole). Heat is the main factor! Pressure is not as relevant.
|
|
|
|
Define a contact aureole
|
The metamorphosed area surrounding an igneous/magna intrusion in a metamorphic rock
|
|
|
|
Explain regional metamorphosism
|
The most common type, produced in the crust within the earth, over large regions
|
|
|
|
Explain dynamic metamorphism
|
Pressure is the main factor. Occurs when ocean crust subducts underneath continental crust. Rocks in these zones get exposed to high pressures and deformation.
|
|
|
|
Explain frostwedging
|
Water in a crack freezes and expands, making the crack bigger, which can possible break a rock into pieces
|
|
|
|
What is abrasion?
|
When small rocks (eroded by wind water or ice) grind on larger rocks
|
|
|
|
What is abrasion?
|
When small rocks (eroded by wind water or ice) grind on larger rocks
|
|
|
|
What is exfoliation?
|
When the outer layers of a rock get peeled away, the pressure pushing down decreases and the rock can push outwards, ejecting outermost layers
|
|
|
|
Give some examples of chemical weathering
|
Hydrolysis, oxidation, and acid precipitation
|
|
|
|
Give some examples of chemical weathering
|
Hydrolysis, oxidation, and acid precipitation
|
|
|
|
What is hydrolysis?
|
Certain minerals dissolve into ions when exposed to water. Those ions react with water to form new clay based minerals
|
|
|
|
Give some examples of chemical weathering
|
Hydrolysis, oxidation, and acid precipitation
|
|
|
|
What is hydrolysis?
|
Certain minerals dissolve into ions when exposed to water. Those ions react with water to form new clay based minerals
|
|
|
|
What is oxidation?
|
A chemical reaction with oxygen, helping to weather down minerals containing iron by creating iron oxide or rust
|
|
|
|
Give some examples of chemical weathering
|
Hydrolysis, oxidation, and acid precipitation
|
|
|
|
What is hydrolysis?
|
Certain minerals dissolve into ions when exposed to water. Those ions react with water to form new clay based minerals
|
|
|
|
What is oxidation?
|
A chemical reaction with oxygen, helping to weather down minerals containing iron by creating iron oxide or rust
|
|
|
|
What is acid precipitation?
|
Sulfuric dioxide, nitrogen compounds and carbon dioxide emitted by factories react with water (from rain) to create acid rain. It can cause concrete, stone and metal to wear down quickly
|
|
|
|
Name some factors that affect the rates of weathering
|
The surface area exposed (a positive feedback loop), the chemical/mineral composition, and climate
|
|
|
|
Name some factors that affect the rates of weathering
|
The surface area exposed (a positive feedback loop), the chemical/mineral composition, and climate
|
|
|
|
What types of climate favour what kinds of weathering?
|
Cold dry climates favour mechanical weathering over chemical, while warm wet climates favour both.
|
|
|
|
Name some factors that affect the rates of weathering
|
The surface area exposed (a positive feedback loop), the chemical/mineral composition, and climate
|
|
|
|
What types of climate favour what kinds of weathering?
|
Cold dry climates favour mechanical weathering over chemical, while warm wet climates favour both.
|
|
|
|
What types of rocks weather the easiest?
|
Sedimentary rocks
|
|
|
|
List some agents of erosion
|
Gravity, running water, glaciers, and wind
|
|
|
|
List some agents of erosion
|
Gravity, running water, glaciers, and wind
|
|
|
|
How does gravity aid in erosion?
|
It causes objects to move down a slope, and can spark mass movements
|
|
|
|
List some agents of erosion
|
Gravity, running water, glaciers, and wind
|
|
|
|
How does gravity aid in erosion?
|
It causes objects to move down a slope, and can spark mass movements
|
|
|
|
Why is water a better agent of erosion that wind?
|
On steep slopes, water has higher velocity, and can carry more sediments over a longer distance
|
|
|
|
When can sediments carried in water finally deposit?
|
When the velocity of water slows down, allowing eroded material to sink to the bottom. This is common in beaches and deltas where water is more calm
|
|
|
|
What conditions favour wind erosion?
|
Low precipitation, high temperatures, and low vegetation
|
|
|
|
What conditions favour wind erosion?
|
Low precipitation, high temperatures, and low vegetation
|
|
|
|
Name some patterns of movement taken by particles carried by wind.
|
Suspension: grains move in mid air
Saltation: grains bounce on the ground Creep: grains roll on the ground |
|
|
|
What conditions favour wind erosion?
|
Low precipitation, high temperatures, and low vegetation
|
|
|
|
Name some patterns of movement taken by particles carried by wind.
|
Suspension: grains move in mid air
Saltation: grains bounce on the ground Creep: grains roll on the ground |
|
|
|
What is deflation?
|
When enough wind erosion causes the lowering of land surfaces
|
|
|
|
Define ventifact
|
A ventifact is a rock shaped or physically changed by wind-carried sediments
|
|
|
|
Define ventifact
|
A ventifact is a rock shaped or physically changed by wind-carried sediments
|
|
|
|
What is a dune?
|
A pile of wind blown sand
|
|
|
|
What factors influence the shape of a dune?
|
The velocity of wind, the availability of sand, direction of wind, and surrounding objects such as rocks or vegetation that block wind
|
|
|
|
What factors influence the shape of a dune?
|
The velocity of wind, the availability of sand, direction of wind, and surrounding objects such as rocks or vegetation that block wind
|
|
|
|
What side of the dune faces the wind?
|
The windward side has the gentler slope, while the leeward side has a steeper slope
|
|
|
|
Name the types of dunes
|
Barchan, parabolic, transverse and longitudinal
|
|
|
|
Name the types of dunes
|
Barchan, parabolic, transverse and longitudinal
|
|
|
|
What is a barchan dune?
|
The most common type of dune, crescent shaped with the outer curve facing the wind
|
|
|
|
What is a parabolic dune?
|
A backwards Barchan dune, which has the inner curve facing the wind (like a parachute)
|
|
|
|
What is a parabolic dune?
|
A backwards Barchan dune, which has the inner curve facing the wind (like a parachute)
|
|
|
|
What is a transverse dune?
|
A dune with lines perpendicular to the wind
|
|
|
|
What is a parabolic dune?
|
A backwards Barchan dune, which has the inner curve facing the wind (like a parachute)
|
|
|
|
What is a transverse dune?
|
A dune with lines perpendicular to the wind
|
|
|
|
What is a longitudinal dune?
|
A dune with lines parallel to wind
|
|
|
|
What is a parabolic dune?
|
A backwards Barchan dune, which has the inner curve facing the wind (like a parachute)
|
|
|
|
What is a transverse dune?
|
A dune with lines perpendicular to the wind
|
|
|
|
What is a longitudinal dune?
|
A dune with lines parallel to wind
|
|
|
|
What type of dune is common in areas with vegetation?
|
Parabolic dunes
|
|
|
|
About how much of earths surface is covered with glaciers?
|
Almost 10%
|
|
|
|
About how much of earths surface is covered with glaciers?
|
Almost 10%
|
|
|
|
What is a vallet glacier?
|
A glacier that forms in the valleys of high mountainous areas. Pressure causes melting at the bottom, allowing the glacier to slide once it is at least 20 m thick
|
|
|
|
About how much of earths surface is covered with glaciers?
|
Almost 10%
|
|
|
|
What is a vallet glacier?
|
A glacier that forms in the valleys of high mountainous areas. Pressure causes melting at the bottom, allowing the glacier to slide once it is at least 20 m thick
|
|
|
|
What types of glaciers form in areas near the equator, especially mountainous areas?
|
Valley glaciers
|
|
|
|
About how much of earths surface is covered with glaciers?
|
Almost 10%
|
|
|
|
What is a vallet glacier?
|
A glacier that forms in the valleys of high mountainous areas. Pressure causes melting at the bottom, allowing the glacier to slide once it is at least 20 m thick
|
|
|
|
What types of glaciers form in areas near the equator, especially mountainous areas?
|
Valley glaciers
|
|
|
|
What is a continental glacier?
|
Covers large continental sized areas, thickest in the centre and flattens out near edges
|
|
|
|
About how much of earths surface is covered with glaciers?
|
Almost 10%
|
|
|
|
What is a vallet glacier?
|
A glacier that forms in the valleys of high mountainous areas. Pressure causes melting at the bottom, allowing the glacier to slide once it is at least 20 m thick
|
|
|
|
What types of glaciers form in areas near the equator, especially mountainous areas?
|
Valley glaciers
|
|
|
|
What is a continental glacier?
|
Covers large continental sized areas, thickest in the centre and flattens out near edges
|
|
|
|
What type of glaciers are common near the poles?
|
Continental glaciers
|
|
|
|
How do glaciers aid in erosion?
|
When glaciers pick up rocks in the ice, the rocks scratch the bedrock as the glacier slides
|
|
|
|
How do glaciers aid in erosion?
|
When glaciers pick up rocks in the ice, the rocks scratch the bedrock as the glacier slides
|
|
|
|
Explain the differences between striations and grooves
|
Striations are small scratches caused by glacial erosion, grooves are larger than striations
|
|
|
|
What is a cirque?
|
A deep depression caused by glacial erosion
|
|
|
|
What is a cirque?
|
A deep depression caused by glacial erosion
|
|
|
|
What is an arete?
|
The small ridge in between two cirques
|
|
|
|
What is a horn?
|
A pyramid peak formed by three cirques
|
|
|
|
What is a horn?
|
A pyramid peak formed by three cirques
|
|
|
|
What is a hanging valley?
|
A tributary valley that enters a U shaped valley
|
|
|
|
What is a moraine?
|
A path (ridge) of sediments (carried by glaciers) that are deposited as glaciers melt
|
|
|
|
What is a moraine?
|
A path (ridge) of sediments (carried by glaciers) that are deposited as glaciers melt
|
|
|
|
What is an outwash plain?
|
The area at the leading edge of a glacier where outwash (in meltwater) flows from
|
|
|
|
What is a moraine?
|
A path (ridge) of sediments (carried by glaciers) that are deposited as glaciers melt
|
|
|
|
What is an outwash plain?
|
The area at the leading edge of a glacier where outwash (in meltwater) flows from
|
|
|
|
What is a drumlin?
|
Long landforms where a glacier passes over an older moraine
|
|
|
|
What is a moraine?
|
A path (ridge) of sediments (carried by glaciers) that are deposited as glaciers melt
|
|
|
|
What is an outwash plain?
|
The area at the leading edge of a glacier where outwash (in meltwater) flows from
|
|
|
|
What is a drumlin?
|
Long landforms where a glacier passes over an older moraine
|
|
|
|
What is an esker?
|
A moraine that's long, curved and winded
|
|
|
|
What is a kettle lake?
|
A depression filled with water (esp meltwater). Has not outlet or inlet
|
|
|
|
How does water affect mass movement?
|
It adds weight and can often act as a lubricant, increasing the potential for mass movements
|
|
|
|
What is creep? In regards to mass movement
|
Slow downhill movement of loose soils, only noticeable over long periods. This is how very large masses move
|
|
|
|
What is creep? In regards to mass movement
|
Slow downhill movement of loose soils, only noticeable over long periods. This is how very large masses move
|
|
|
|
What is solifluction?
|
Slow downhill movement of loose water-logged materials in permafrost. The top layer slides over ice underneath
|
|
|
|
What is creep? In regards to mass movement
|
Slow downhill movement of loose soils, only noticeable over long periods. This is how very large masses move
|
|
|
|
What is solifluction?
|
Slow downhill movement of loose water-logged materials in permafrost. The top layer slides over ice underneath
|
|
|
|
What is an earth flow?
|
Soil or rock material saturated with water moving with gravity. This is the step in between creep and mudflow
|
|
|
|
What is creep? In regards to mass movement
|
Slow downhill movement of loose soils, only noticeable over long periods. This is how very large masses move
|
|
|
|
What is solifluction?
|
Slow downhill movement of loose water-logged materials in permafrost. The top layer slides over ice underneath
|
|
|
|
What is an earth flow?
|
Soil or rock material saturated with water moving with gravity. This is the step in between creep and mudflow
|
|
|
|
What is mudflow?
|
Like earth flow but very rapid, often triggered by an earthquake, rainstorm or eruption
|
|
|
|
What is creep? In regards to mass movement
|
Slow downhill movement of loose soils, only noticeable over long periods. This is how very large masses move
|
|
|
|
What is solifluction?
|
Slow downhill movement of loose water-logged materials in permafrost. The top layer slides over ice underneath
|
|
|
|
What is an earth flow?
|
Soil or rock material saturated with water moving with gravity. This is the step in between creep and mudflow
|
|
|
|
What is mudflow?
|
Like earth flow but very rapid, often triggered by an earthquake, rainstorm or eruption
|
|
|
|
What is a landslide?
|
Rapid downhill movement of land when an underlying layer separates. Moves up to 200 km/h
|
|
|
|
What is creep? In regards to mass movement
|
Slow downhill movement of loose soils, only noticeable over long periods. This is how very large masses move
|
|
|
|
What is solifluction?
|
Slow downhill movement of loose water-logged materials in permafrost. The top layer slides over ice underneath
|
|
|
|
What is an earth flow?
|
Soil or rock material saturated with water moving with gravity. This is the step in between creep and mudflow
|
|
|
|
What is mudflow?
|
Like earth flow but very rapid, often triggered by an earthquake, rainstorm or eruption
|
|
|
|
What is a landslide?
|
Rapid downhill movement of land when an underlying layer separates. Moves up to 200 km/h
|
|
|
|
What's the difference between a flow and a slide?
|
Flows require water but slides can occur with or without. Also, slides are often faster and occur on steeper slopes
|
|
|
|
What is a slump?
|
When the mass of a landslide rotates or slides around
|
|
|
|
What is an avalanche?
|
A landslide that occurs in mountainous areas w lots of snow. Layers of snow slide on frozen ice underneath
|
|
|
|
What slope is required to form an avalanche?
|
35 degrees
|
|
|
|
What slope is required to form an avalanche?
|
35 degrees
|
|
|
|
What is a rock fall?
|
When rocks fall straight down as opposed to sliding down a slope
|
|
|
|
What human-caused factor especially influences mass movements?
|
Vegetation means stronger soil that's resistant to mass movement
|
|
|
|
What slope is required to form an avalanche?
|
35 degrees
|
|
|
|
What is a rock fall?
|
When rocks fall straight down as opposed to sliding down a slope
|
|
|
|
What human-caused factor especially influences mass movements?
|
Vegetation means stronger soil that's resistant to mass movement
|
|
|
|
Explain the path of organic material as it turns into coal
|
1. Peat (compacted leaves and twigs from swamps)
2. Lignite (peat that has squeezed out water and gases) 3. Bituminous coal (more pressure from extra above layers creates sedimentary coal) 4. Anthracite coal (sedimentary coal that has been metamorphosed by the highest level of heat and pressure) |
|
|
|
What's the difference between a renewable and non renewable resource?
|
Non renewable resources cannot be replaced at the same rate they are used
|
|
|
|
What's the difference between a renewable and non renewable resource?
|
Non renewable resources cannot be replaced at the same rate they are used
|
|
|
|
What is an ore?
|
A rock that contains a desirable element (ex copper ore is rock containing copper)
|
|
|
|
What's the difference between a renewable and non renewable resource?
|
Non renewable resources cannot be replaced at the same rate they are used
|
|
|
|
What is an ore?
|
A rock that contains a desirable element (ex copper ore is rock containing copper)
|
|
|
|
What is an ore mineral?
|
The metallic mineral in an ore that you are trying to obtain
|
|
|
|
What's the difference between a renewable and non renewable resource?
|
Non renewable resources cannot be replaced at the same rate they are used
|
|
|
|
What is an ore?
|
A rock that contains a desirable element (ex copper ore is rock containing copper)
|
|
|
|
What is an ore mineral?
|
The metallic mineral in an ore that you are trying to obtain
|
|
|
|
What is a gangue?
|
The rest of the rock in an ore that isn't the desired metal (I.e. Soil, quartz, feldspar, etc)
|
|
|
|
What is a deposit?
|
An area with high concentration of a particular metal
|
|
|
|
What mining methods are used for what circumstances?
|
Strip mining when the deposit it near the surface, underground mining when it's deeper
|
|
|
|
What mining methods are used for what circumstances?
|
Strip mining when the deposit it near the surface, underground mining when it's deeper
|
|
|
|
What is a tailings pond?
|
A pond holding the toxic liquid waste leftover after processing an ore
|
+ Add a hint
|
