Minerals

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Sodium - Reccomended dosage

Back 1

2400 mg/day

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Sodium defiecncy

Back 2

Not normally seen

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Sodium - Function

Back 3

electrolyte in extracellular fuid regulates fluid bal, nerve impluse transmission, muscle function, regulate pH Nutreient absorption (glucose)

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Hypernatremia - What is it and what happens

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Low sodium blood level, diarrhea, vomitting, intense prolonged sweating.

Symptoms similar to dehydration. Get hypovolumia...decreased blood levels

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Hypernatremia - what and what do you see

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High blood levels of sodium and hyper volumia. Resulting in increased blood pressure.

Can be due to congestive hart failure and kidney disease

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Potassium - What is it and where found

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intracellular ion. In most fruits and veggies.

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Potassium - Functions

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Muscle contraction, Nerve impluse transmisison, regulate blood pressure, high potassium diet increases sodium and therefore BP

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Hypokalemia

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Due to vomitting, diahrea, eating disorder, alcoholism

Can disrupt cardiac rhythms

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Hyperkalemia

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Risk is low except for kidney disease. Can stop or slow hearbeat

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Choride - What is it and what involved with

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Extracellular electrolyt. Moves in and out of red blood cells to mainatin neutral enviornment.

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Choride where levels higher (arterial vs venous)

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Higher levels in venous blood vs arterial

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Chloride otehr functions

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Maintain fluid balance, combine with hydrogen to make hydrocloric acid

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Hypocholremia

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Due to freq vomiting, can lead to metabolic alkalosis (high blood pH).

Can mess with bood flow to brain

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Calcium - What it does and complex of calcium

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Mineralization of bone. Hydroxyapatite: complex of ca and phosphorus, bind to collagen protein network and fomred by osteoblasts

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Calcium - how increase bone strength

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By repeated stress

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Calcium - other function

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Second messenger, nerve impulse transmission

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Overproduction of PTH

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Can cause hypercalcemia, by tap into bone and demineralizes the bone.

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Absorbtion of Ca

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Highest in preggers, lowers in oldage. Phytates decrease absorption.

High levels of supplemented phosphorus and mg decrease absorbtion

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Cacium Supplements

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Absorb when taken between meals

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Phosphorus - Roles in homeostasis

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Imortant for bone health and in ATP, DNA and RNA

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Phosphorus - Where found and how absorbed

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Absorbed from foods directly. Calcitriol enhances absorbtion

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Hypophosphotemia - characteristics

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Restricted absorbtion or enhanced excretion. Hyperparathyroidism. Vitamin D defiency, overuse of phosphate binding antacids. Long term use can cause osteomalacia

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Hyperphosphotemia - characteristics

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Kideny disease. Under active PTH gland. Over us of phosphate contain laxatives. High phosphorus with low calcium lea to increased bone loss

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Mg - half of body stores in bones. Where used

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Used in many rxns....DNA and protein synthesis, glycolysis, ATP production, muscle contraction, Blood clotting

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Can be used in emergency room for high blood pressure

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Magnesium

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Magnesium Sources

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Hard water, dietary sources,

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Hypomagnesemia

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Usually caccompanies def in the other two intracellular ions (K and Phosphorus).

Dues to kidney disease, alcoholism, diuretic use, prolonged diahrehha.

Extreme cases can result in death.

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Intracellular minerals

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Magnesium, postassium and phosphorus

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Trace Minerals

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Iron, Zinc, Iodide, Selenium

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Iron Function

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Oxyygen transport as part of hemoglobin. Cofactor in enzymatic rxns, syn of neurotransmitters, brain development

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Iron in the body

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Function or stroage, most function iron is in the red blood cells, body regulates iron state

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Iron absorption

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Iron absorbed in GI tract regulates iron levels. Absorbed iron can be used by cell, released to blood and transported by transferrin, strored by ferritin.

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Iron absorbtion regulation

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Greater need the more transferrin binds iron

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What increases absorbtion of iron

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Vitamin C. Heme Iron is the most readily absorbed form

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Malabsorbtion of iron - why

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Phytic acid, polyphenols, soy, oxalates, fiber, calcium and zinc

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Transferrin Receptors - when upregulated

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Iron low

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Ferritin - what it does

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DStore insoluble form of iron in bone marrow and spleen

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Iron turnover - how it occurs

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Breakdown of old rbc supply most of iron for new blood cell production. This is why we no need large amounts of iron taken in

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Woman vs man requirement for iron

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They need more due to menstraul cycle and lower muscle mass

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Fe deficiency - what about it

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Most common due to dietary reasons.

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Stages of Iron defiency ---

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Depleation of iron stores evidenced by decreased serum ferritin

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Hemochromotosis

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Chronic Fe overload due to genetic defect result in excessive Fe absorbtion.

Iron Toxcicity and more myoglobin in muscle

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Zinc - what important for

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Enzyme reactions, gene expression, immune sysmtem, vision, taste and apotosis

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Zinc - absorbtion

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In small doses from meals. Depetn on ca and fe.

Inhibit by phyate, fiber and non-heme iron supplementation

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How zinc stored

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Metallothionine regulatroy mechanism in how much zinc ends up in the blood.

Circulates in blood bound to albumin

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Where is zinc mostly foudn and secreted from what during digestion

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Found in muscle and bone (not stored high amounts),

Digeestion=pancreas

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Zinc Defiency

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Seen in popl that use ceral only

Malabsorption and increased losses

hypogonadism, imaired taste, skin lesions and hair loss

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Wilson disease and how treat

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Copper overload. Zinc saturates transporters and is a treatment

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Selenium - What is it a component of

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Glutathione peroxidase - antioxidant properties for fatty acids.

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Iodine Component of what

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Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4). Triodothronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4)

T4 most abundat but T3 is more potent

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Iodine - Absorption

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Stored in thyroid gland. Incroportated into thyroglobulin (storage form of thyroid hormones). When needed the TSH signals T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin to blood stream. In body selenium dept enzymes convert T4-T3

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Chromium

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Glucose tolerance molecule. Also enhances the action of insulin