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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a good source of calcium?
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dairy, nuts, beans
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def. calcium causes...
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osteomalacia (bones become soft)
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where is free calcium stored and why?
how is it released? |
it is toxic to cells so it is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum.
it's released by intracellular signaling. |
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what does ca absorption depend on?
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acid conditions, vit d, etrogen and type of calcium.
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functions of ca
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bone mineralization
cell membrane permeability muscle contractions blood clotting synaptic transmission of nerv impulses activation of pancreatic lipase |
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DRI/UL for calcium
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1000mg/day
higher for adolescents/>51 UL = 2500mg |
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symptoms of osteoperosis?
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altered posture
pain causes slumping loss of height widows hump |
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most commonly effected bones in osteoperosis?
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spongy travecular bones of axial skeleton
vertebrae, ribs ends of long bones |
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Why is phosphorous important?
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combines with ca for bone stregnth (calcium phophate cyrstals)
nucleotide structures phophorylation atp |
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Excess phosphorous causes what?
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calcium def. because the ca. is bound to the phos in the calcium phosphate crystals
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Where is iron important?
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iron is an essential element in all cells of the body.
Primarily. . . Hemoglobin Myoglobin enzymes cytochome oxidase, peroxidase catalase |
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What key roles does iron play a role in?
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oxygen transport
cellular respiration |
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What is the RDI/UL for iron?
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M adolescnet 10/12 adult
F 15mg normal postmenopausal or>50 - 10mg Preggers = 30mg UL = 40-45 for all |
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how is iron utilized?
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absorbed via duodenum luminal divalent metal transport (DMT1)
requires acid pH so it's Fe2+ (ferrous iron) Ferric (Fe3+ no absorbed) |
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How is iron primarily lost from the body?
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significant bleeding (think periods) or certain surgical procedures.
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function of iron in the body?
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75% is in hemo/myoglobin
rest is combined/stored with ferritin in liver/bone, marrow, and spleen |
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how is iron transported?
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in the serum bound to transferrin
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what happens to the iron released from RBC's?
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after 120 days RBC's die.. release heme, and iron.. iron picked up by transferring and moved to bone marrow for HGB and RBC's.
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Who are most susceptible to iron def.?
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preggers
infants/kids menstruating females old people |
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what causes most iron def?
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poor iron intake, diet with low bioavailabe iron (vegans/infants)
infants who get no fortified cereals after 6 months old. |
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What are K, Na, and Cl good for?
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they are the electrolytes
Na = extracellular (think na/k pump) main source for NaCl = salt K is almost all foods def. very rare |
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where is mg foudn in the body?
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bone
RBC's Muscles |
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what is Mg for?
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nervous system transmission for muscle contraction
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What makes Mg hard to absorb and what is a benefit of this?
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Mg doesn't want to flow acorss the cell wall so it pulls water into the intestines..
it makes Mg salts (epsom salt) that works like a laxative. |
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Where is sulfer found?
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in amino acids and are found in hair, nails, and other structural proteins.
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Iodine is found where in the body?
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in the thyroid
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why is iodine required?
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it's used to synthesize thryoid hormones
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What happens in absence of iodine?
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goiter = enlargement of the thyroid gland.
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what is zinc involved in?
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integral component of metalloenzymes
synth/stabilization dna rna proteins ribosomes/membranes |
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what is zinc necessary for?
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steriod hormone receptor binding to DNA
spermatogenesis fetal growth embryonic devlopment |
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how is zinc absorbed?
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small intestines by carrier mediated mechanism.
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zinc is required as a coordinator where? and why?
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zinc fingers!!!
creates the active site ADY and chymotrypsin |
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what inhibits zinc absorption?
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phytate
fiber oxalate iron copper drugs: penicillamine sodium valproate thambutol |
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where is zinc def found?
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diabetes
aids cirrhosis alcoholoism inflam. bowel malaabsorption syndromes sickel cell anemia |
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what does zinc def. cause?
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stunted growth/dwarfism in kids
hypogeusia immunosuppression nightblindness hypogonadism |
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zinc toxicity causes...
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nausea
fever vomiting respiratory distress |
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Where is choline important?
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acetyl choline.. uhduh
phospholipids betaine |
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where is choline necessary?
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membranes
cholinergic neurotransmission lipid/cholesterol metabolism transmembrane signaling |
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what happens when choline def.?
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fatty liver
elevated transaminase levels |
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choline toxicity causes?
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hypertension
cholinergic sweating diarrhea salivation fishy body odor |
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what can choline supplements cause?
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reduce cholesterol and homocysteince levels
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Where is copper found?
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enzyme systems:
amine oxidases ferroxidase cytochrome-C oxidase super oxide dismutase dopamine hydroxylase |
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where is 90% of copper in the body?
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bound to ceruloplasmin
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copper def.
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premmie babies with milk diets
hypochromic=normocytic anemia osteopenia depigmentation mental retardation psychomotor abnormalites |
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what is menkes kinky hair syndrome?
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xlinked defect in copper transporting gene leading to
mental retardation hypocupremia decreased ceruoplasmin children die within 5 yrs due to dissecting aneurysms or cardiac rupture |
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Copper toxicity
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nausea
vomiting diarrhea hemolytic anemia SEVERE: kindey/liver failure leading to a coma |
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What is indian childhood cirrhosis?
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extremely high copper levels in the liver
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