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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the difference in macrominerals and microminerals
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macromolecules are present in greater than 200milligrams
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99% of teeth bones are made of what?
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calcium
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what is a good source of calcium?
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dairy products, nuts and beans.
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def. in calc absorption can lead to?
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osetomalacia (softening of bones)
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where is calcium stored and why?
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it is toxic to cells so it is sequestered in th ER where it can be released
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wha tare the functions for calciu?
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neurotransmitter release, blood clotting, cardiac function.
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where is calcium absorbed
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duodenum and jejunum/ileum.
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what does ca absorption depend on ?
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acid conditions, vit d levels, estrogen levels, and the type of calcium supplement.
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what are the normal functions of calcium?
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cell membrane perm.
muscle contraction blood clotting synaptic transmission of nerve impulses enzyme activation - pancreatic lipase |
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what are the RDI's Ul for calcium?
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1300mg/day
2500mg/day any older than infant.. for infant.. no max. |
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sources for calcium
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milk yougart/cheese - 300mg
OJ - 300 mg broccoli/kale - 90mg tofu - 260mg salmon 180mg |
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what is osteoporosis
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reduction in the quantity of bone mass renders the bones suceptible to fractures
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what are symptoms for osteoporosis
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altered posture
deformity of the spine loss of height widows hump etc |
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what are the most commonly effected bones for osteoporosis
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spongy bones of axial skeleton
vertebrae ribs ends of long bones |
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What is the primary purpose of posphorous?
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comines with ca to promote bone strength with calcium phophate crystals
phosphate backbones phophorylatikon |
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what can happen with excess phosphorous?
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it can lead to calcium def. b/c phos is excreted as calcium phosphate in urine.
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what is iron used for?
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hemoglobin/myoglobin
cytochrome oxidase, peroxidase and catalase plays a key role in oxygen transport and cellular respiration |
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what are the RDI's for iron?
UL? |
12 mg in M
premenopause 15mg/post 10mg.. preggers = 30mg UL 45 |
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how is iron absorbed?
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by DMT1, an enzyme, in the duodenum
must be acidic pH. fe2+ (ferrous) is preferred. |
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Why do women require more
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menstrual cycle caused greater loss
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how much iron is in hemoglobin/myo?
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75%
other is stored with ferritin in the live/marrow, and spleen |
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how is iron transported in the serum?
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bound to transferring
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after how many days must FE be recycled?
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about 120..
RBC"s release hemoglobin and iron which are recycled for new rbc's. |
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who is most likely to be iron deficient?
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preggers
infants/kids menstruating chics old people |
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what causes iron def? `
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poor iron intake
diet with low bioavailable iron vegetarians or infants with no supplement or iron fortified ceral/form after 6 months. |
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magnesium and sulfer
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mg critical for nervous sys/muscle cell contraction
mg not readily absorbed so it draws out water by osmosis. |
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what can work as a laxative and how?
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mg salts by increasing water flow through the gi tract
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where is sulfur in the body?
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amino acids, proteins of hair, fingernails and other stuctural proteins
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where is all of the iodine in the body?
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the thyroid gland
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what is iodine required for?
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synthesize thryoid hormones
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what has iodized salt done?
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eliminated simple iodine deficiency.
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where is zinc required?
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metalloenzymes
steriod hormone receptor binding to dna |
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where is zinc absolotely required?
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spermatogenesis, fetal growth, and embryonic devlopment.
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RDA of zinc?
UL |
M - 15mg, F - 12, 15 preggers and 21 during lactaction
UL 25+ |
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where can you find zinc?
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meat
shellfish nuts legumes grains |
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if you need zinc you probably need...
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iron they are always together
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what does zinc toxicity cause?
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nausea, fever, vomiting, and respiratory distress
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What is copper used for in the body?
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amine oxidases
ferroxidase cytochrome - c oxidase super oxide dismutase, dopamine hydroxylase |
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where is 90% of copper in the body?
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circulating bound to ceruloplasmin
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what is RDA for copper/UL?
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rda = 1.5-3mg
keep it under 5mg and your good. |
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what is menkes kinky hair syndrome?
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x linked defect in copper transporting gene leading to mental retardation
hypocupremia and decreased ceruloplasmin. kids die within 5 yrs due to aneurysms or cardiac rupture. |
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what is choline for and RDA?
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acetylcholine phospholipids and betaine
rdi is 55mg males, and 425 females max 3.5 gm/day only conditionally essential |
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chromium
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potentiates with the action of insulin in patients with impaired glucose tolerance by increasing insulin receptor mediated signaling.
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sources for chromium?
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yeast, meat, and grain.
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def of chromium?
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associated with glucose intolerance
peripheral neuropathy confusion |
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what is selenium
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an antioxidant
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rdi for selenium
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55-70mcg p day
UL = 400mcg |
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selenium overdose
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nausea, alopecia,nail changes, peripheral neuropathy and fatigue.
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