Minerals

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Mineral

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An inorganic, naturally occurring, solid that has a crystal structure.

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Crust

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The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer surface

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Mantle

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Layer of hot, solid material between Earth’s crust and core

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Outer Core

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A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth

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Inner Core

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A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel in the center of the Earth

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Temperature

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The kinetic energy of particles. (The deeper into the Earth, the higher the temperature)

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Pressure

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The weight of rock layers on top of each other. (The deeper into the Earth, the higher the pressure)

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Relief

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from the highest and lowest point on an area

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Elevation

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Height above sea level

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Plain

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Made up of flat or gently rolling land with low relief

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Mountain

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High elevation and high relief

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Plateau

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Level surface and high elevation

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Crystallization

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A process in which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure.

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Magma

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Molten material from the mantle inside of the Earth that hardens to form rock

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Lava

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Magma that reaches the surface of the Earth and forms rock when it cools and hardens

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Naturally Occurring

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NOT man made (synthetic) and it is formed in the Earth

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Inorganic

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It cannot arise from materials that were once part of a living thing

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Solid

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Has a definite shape, volume, and its particles have low energy and are packed into a regular repeating pattern

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Crystal Structure

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The particles are lined up in a repeating pattern

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Cleavage

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Mineral split easily along flat surfaces

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Fracture

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Mineral breaks apart in an irregular way

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Magnetism

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Acts as a natural magnet

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Radioactive

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The property of spontaneously emitting energetic particles

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Conduct Electricity

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Allows electricity to flow through it

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React Chemically

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When acid is put on the surface it bubbles/fizzes/effervesces

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Luster

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The way a mineral reflects light

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Hardness

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How hard a mineral is (Moh’s hardness scale from 1-10…10 being the hardest mineral diamond)

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Streak Test

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Determines the color of a mineral’s powder

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Density

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The amount of mass per unit volume of space a mineral takes up

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Rock

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A group of one or more minerals that are bound together

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Monomineralic

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A rock that contains only one type of mineral

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Polymineralic

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A rock that contains many types of minerals

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Grains

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Particles of minerals or other rocks that give a rock its texture

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Grain size

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Large grains = coarse grained. Small grains = fine grained

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Grain shape

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The shape of each grain (fragments, seeds, exploding stars)

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Grain pattern

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The pattern in which the grains are aligned (Flat layers, wavy, swirling, pattern, random)

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Igneous

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A rock that forms from the cooling of lava or magma

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Sedimentary

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A rock that forms when particles of other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together

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Metamorphic

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A rock that forms when another rock undergoes heat and pressure, changing the original rock

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Extrusive

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Formed from lava that erupted onto Earth’s surface

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Intrusive

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Formed from magma that hardened beneath Earth’s surface

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Porphyritic

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A rock with large crystals scattered on a background of much smaller crystals

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Vesicular

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A rock that cooled very quickly resulting in gas pockets

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Compaction

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Loose sediments are pressed together

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Cementation

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Water dissolves the minerals which crystallize to glue the particles of cement together

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Clastic

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Composed of broken pieces of pre-existing rocks

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Organic

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Composed of the remains of plants and animals

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Chemical

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– precipitate (form a solid) out of a solution

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Foliation

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Mineral grains will arrange themselves into layers or bands (banding)

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Non-foliated

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Minerals are arranged randomly (no banding)

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Rock Cycle

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Forces inside Earth and at the surface build, create, destroy, and change rocks in the lithosphere