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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which part of the brain is hyperactive in people with OCD?
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Caudate
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Learning and memory occur chiefly in which 2 areas of the brain?
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hippocampus
amygdala |
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How many hours of sleep are needed to stabilize memory?
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6 hrs
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Deficits in learning and memory are hallmark of which syndrome?
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Dementias: global and irreversible impairment of cognitive function, memory, and personality without disturbances in consciousness.
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Which part of the brain handles emotions which affects memory?
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Amygdala: implicit memory.
Affection -> Epi -> NE(locus ceruleus) -> amygdala Hippocampus: explicit memory. |
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What area is damaged?
A person cannot form new memories but long term memory is intact and can learn new motor tasks and retain those skills. |
hippocampus CA1
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How many layers of neurons does hippocampus have?
Describe the excitatory pathway in hippocampus related to short term memory. |
3 layers: CA1-3
sensory neurons (entorhinal cortex) -> dentate gyrus -> CA3 -> CA1 -> entorhinal cortex |
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Explicit or implicit memory?
semantic episodic |
explicit
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Explicit or implicit memory?
skills, habits priming simple classical conditioning nonassociative learning |
implicit
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Explicit or implicit memory?
nonassociative learning |
implicit
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Explicit or implicit memory?
facts, events |
explicit
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Explicit or implicit memory?
simple classical conditioning |
implicit
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Which kind of memory is this?
knowledge of world events, general knowledge |
semantic memory
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Which kind of memory is this?
ongoing autobiographical facts about who we are as persons |
episodic memory
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Explicit or implicit memory?
does not require temporal lobe storage acquired through tasks, or plasticity of neuron systems. |
implicit
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Which part of the brain is involved in episodic memory?
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medial temporal lobe
thalamus mammillary bodies prefrontal cortex |
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Which part of the brain is involved in semantic memory?
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inferolateral temporal lobe
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Which part of the brain is involved in working memory?
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prefrontal cortex
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Which part of the brain is involved in procedual memory?
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basal ganglia
cerebellum supplementary motor area |
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What are some characteristics of LTP(long-term potentiation)?
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- cumulative
- cooperativity - specificity |
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Describe the cellular basis of long term memory.
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simultaneous firing of pre and post synaptic cells.
-glutamate binds to NMDA receptors - Ca2+ enters (2nd messengers) - protein kinases activated |
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What happens if NMDA receptors in hippocampus are blocked?
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some learning tasks cannot occur
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How does NMDA receptor agonist such as D-cycloserine enhance learning?
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opening of NMDA and AMPA activated Ca2+ channels.
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How does memory consolidation occur on a synaptic level?
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restimulation of established synapses such that late LTP is generated. (wave of new protein synthesis happens)
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How does neuro stem cells contribute to new memories?
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- they form temporal associations among memories.
- events can be coded into hippocampal circuitry as these new cells populate hippocampus. |
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What is the effect of NMDA antagonist on working memory?
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impair working memory
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What is working memory?
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moment to moment awareness and instant retrieval of archived information.
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List some factors that can promote learning and memory.
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- intellectual stimulation
- maternal behavior - words - sleep - deep brain stimulation |
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List two appetite hormone that stimulate memory.
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Grehlin
Leptin |
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How does grehlin stimulate memory?
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when hungry, grehlin is leased by the stomach, then bind to receptors in hippocampus (25% more dendritic spines)
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How does leptin stimulate memory?
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produced by fat cells
leptin produced when fat stores are depleted, it boosts LTP by enhancing glutamate and promoting dendritic growth in hippocampus. |
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What are some effect of leptin in CNS?
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- antidepressants
- memory enhancement |
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Depressed people usually have ___ level of leptin.
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low
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What is the major role of amygdala?
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central alarm system: modulate fear
emotional memory (implicit) |
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There are high and low road from the thalamus to amygdala. Which road elicit faster response when a person is frightened?
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low road: directly transmit info from thalamus to amygdala. where as high road has to go to sensory cortex then to amygdala.
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What is the effect of cortisol on memory?
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decreases hippocampus volume and diminished dendritic pruning.
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Lack of sleep ____ cortisol level.
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increases
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Explicit or Implicit?
Hippocampus handles ____ emotion whereas amygdala handles ____ emotion. |
Hippocampus handles explicit emotion whereas amygdala handles implicit emotion.
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Fragmented and disorganized thinking in schizophrenics results from ____.
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excess DA, small frontal lobe
Behavior dominated by immediate stimulation and not guidance from long term memory |
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How does beta blockers reduce cases of PTSD?
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Lowers NE which consolidates emotional memories.
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How does basal ganglia contribute to learning?
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when a reward is greater than expected, the firing of certain dopaminergic neurons increases, which consequently increases desire or motivation towards the reward.
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What is the most potent predictor of high childhood cortisol level and greater MH symptoms in the 1st grade?
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maternal depression beginning in infancy.
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How dose low MAOA affect emotion and behavior?
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increases aggresssion
antisocial conduct disorders |
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Which side of the brain is impaired in people who were abused physically and sexually in childhood?
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Left: because right brain develops earlier than the left.
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What would you see in the brain of a child under chronic abuse?
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impaired left brain
reduced corpus callosum smaller hippocampus |
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How does neglect in infancy affect behavior?
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anhedonia
decreased eating, sleeping increased restless activity and withdrawal high ACTH and double amygdala |
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T/F: Behavior can alter gene expression.
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T.
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T/F: Psychotherapy is effective and produces long term changes in behavior through learning.
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T.
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T/F: Learning based alterations in gene expression alter neuronal connectivity.
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T.
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How does voluntary repression of painful memory occur?
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Prefrontal cortex supresses right inferior frontal gyrus (sensory of memory) and right medial frontal gyrus (hippocampus and amygdala.
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Which neuromodulatory system is involved in affect and memory consolidation?
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NE and GABAnergic(opioid)
NE: stimulate amygdala GABA(opioid): inhibit NE release. |
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List 4 types of explicit memory.
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- episodic
- semantic - procedural - working |
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What type of explicit memory is this?
Keeping a phone number in your head before dialing. |
working memory
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What type of explicit memory is this?
Knowing who is the president of the US. |
semantic memory
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What type of explicit memory is this?
driving a car with standard transmission |
procedural memory
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Which of the following can be either explicit or implicit?
episodic memory semantic memory procedural memory working memory |
procedural memory:
explicit: driving a car implicit: learning the sequence of numbers on a touch-tone phone without trying. |
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What is the role of hippocampus on memory?
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formation of new memories.
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Implicit or explicit?
Attachment affect ____ memory. |
implicit
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Disorganized attachment would result in ____.
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- psychopathy in children
- problem in self-cohesion - character disorders |
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List some things that can promote learning and memory.
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- intellectual stimulation
- maternal behavior - increase in brain weight - grehlin - leptin |
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What can impede memory?
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- amygdala: influences emotions and perceptions, fear response, high and low roads.
- decreased hippocampal volume - increased cortisol level (lack of sleep, maternal stress): suppress neurogenesis, depression, anxiety. - role of dopamine |
