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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tetanus toxin |
1. Tetanospasmin 2. LD50 1ng/Kg(amount needed to kill is smaller than amount for immune response), second most potent toxin 3. A+B structure. -A blocks inhibitory neuotransmitters GABA/glycine -B binds dissialogangliosides (GD1b and GD2)
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Vaccine against tetanus |
1. Vaccine is formalin-inactivated toxin 2. delivered in first weeks-months of life 3. 3-4 doses provide long-lived immunity 4. can cause hyper-immunization syndrome (serum sickness-like) |
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Tetanus toxoid |
1. many different forms -monovalent -divalent (with Diphteria toxoid) -multivalent (DPT, DaPT, DPT +IPV+H influenza) -hexa/hepta soon adding hepatitis A/B 2.Can be given in pregnancy to protect new-born -neonatal tetanus(non-sterile instrument) |
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Diphteria toxoid |
1. so effective that ecology of C. diphteria altered 2. Areas with high coverage, no toxigenic bacteria |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae |
1. encapsulated bacterium 2. 90 different serotypes(dominant serotypes vary by region) 3. Antibodies essential (opsonization/phagocytosis) 4. babies make very poor responses to polysaccharides. 5. highest mortality rate in infants and elderly |
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Streptococcus polysaccharide vaccine in infants |
Polysaccharide vaccines activates B cells but do not induce immunological memori in infants. 1. T-cell independent 2. Weak and short lasting IgM immune response 3. no affinity maturation and Ab class switching to IgG 4. Lack of booster effect on revaccination 5. limited impact on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage. |
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Conjugate vaccine in infants |
1. Combination of polysaccharide with protein antigen-conjugat is captured by B cells and other APC 2. APC present these Ag to Th2 cells 3. Activation of Th2 induces production of memory B cells and plasma cells(Antibody class switching) |
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Conjugate vaccines |
1. Pneumococcal 2. Meningococcal 3. Haemophilus influenza type b -effectively reduced cases of Hib |
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Regional vaccines |
1. Pneumococcus 2. HPV 3. Influenza |
