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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Operation Barbarossa
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-June 1941, Germans invade Soviet, breaking non-aggression pact
-Soldiers not equipped with winter supplies to make them want to go home faster/work harder -Many Russians killed until Dec. 1941 |
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Lend-Lease Program
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-Designed to enable U.S. to help in the defense of European countries
-Could give any defense article, president may authorize Sec. of War/Navy, head of department to manufacture defense article for any country which the president deems defensible -Appropriate $1.3 billion, by end of war spend $50 billion -Asked England to pay us back after war over 50 years with 2 % interest rate, not much collected -No one thought we'd get money back, but thought if we gave them defense articles (ships, planes, weapons) it would keep boys from going to war |
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Admiral King
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-In charge of Pacific effort
-Navy General |
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Nimitz
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Manage efforts against Japan at Pearl Harbor
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B-25
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Large bombers
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Jimmy Doolittle
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-With nothing but volunteers, comes up with plans to take B-25s over Tokyo, dropping bombs
-April/May 1942 - land in China, suicide mission - Successful, inflict damage on Tokyo - Japan still occupied Pacific |
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Battle of Coral Sea
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-Combined aircraft and ships where fleets acting together as separate units/branches.
-Identifies for Japan U.C. can coordinate military threat |
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Battle of Midway
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-Just west of Hawaii.
- One of the most important battles in history, first time Japanese Navy is defeated at sea. - U.S. sunk 3 Jap. aircraft carriers - Navy can't hold ground, send boots on ground -Army did not want part in Japanese islands |
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Andy Jackson Higgins
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-From New Orleans
-Makes 36 ft. shallow draft boat for Navy, letter to Truman, Higgins v. ACF (American Car and Founding Co.) |
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LCV-P
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Landing craft personnel carrier.
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Operation Torch
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-Nov. 1942, first major combat experience for U.S. Army forces in North Africa
- Tended to be an armor battle with troops supporting armor, should have been vice versa - Sherman Tank no match for German Mark-6 Tiger, could fire from longer distances, Tiger had armament that could penetrate Sherman tank from 1 mile, huge problem for U.S. - Kasserine Pass, El Guettar |
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Gen. Fredendall
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-First commander of Operation Torch, not very good
-Ike replaced him with Patton, would have lost operation without him |
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Kasserine Pass
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U.S. lost 6 K men in one battle
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El Guettar
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Where battle turns in favor of allies
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Rommel
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-German General
-Left El Guettar to go to Germany to tell Hitler Americas starting to get act together -Knew if didn't do something entire German Army would be wiped out, effectively happens |
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Localities Theateras
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-Gen. Marshall says "Americans have case of localities theateras"
-Means don't think about big picture, only think about theatre you are fighting in |
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Casablanca
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-Summit meeting, Jan. 1943
-Allies get together to talk about next steps -England thought strategic bombing way to go, need more aircraft, German planes could shoot down B-17s because not enough fighter planes protecting -England thinks bombing should be done at night, U.S. says that'll kill innocents, England says so what English had to surrender to Germans after they killed women and children and HItler needs to feel that people will suffer -Decision made U.S. would bomb during day, England at night all over Germany |
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Strategic bombing, Douhet "Command of the Air"
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-Bombing itself is the mission
-Way to win wars is to get to the people and force leaders to realize innocents going to be killed so they will surrender |
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Tactical bombing
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Support of efforts on the ground
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Books/Movies
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"The Day of Battle", "Army at Dawn" - Rick Atkinson
"Command of the Air" - Douhet "The War" Ken Burns |
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Invasion of Sicily
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-July/August 1943
-Patton commands 7th Army, Montomery 8th -Mussolini-Italian leader, took control of Libya and Ethiopia -Germans and Italians fight hard -82nd Airborne Division saved the day, held on along with naval and artillery fire -Inter-ally rivalry between Patton and Montgomery major problem |
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Eisenhower
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-Put in charge of allied forces, Supreme Allied Commander
-British not sure because remember not very successful in North Africa |
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Tehran, Iran
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-Allies meet in Dec. 1943 and come up with Operation Overlord
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Operation Overlord
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-Largest military operation in history, first invasion on continent by Allies
-Russians had been begging for this front, pledged would U.S. helped in Europe, Russians would help in Japan after eastern front pressure removed -U.S. puts main effort in Europe, still in Pacific -Plans made to send MacArthur back to Pacific to take over Philippines |
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Fuhrer Directive #51
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-From Hitler
-Danger in the east remains, greater danger in west, Anglo-Saxon arriving, decided to reinforce areas for all possible Ally invasions -Rommel in charge of European front, idea to mine every place along French coast that could be possible invasion, placed 4 million mines within 30 days |
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Nuremberg Laws
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-1935, restricted Jews to ghettos
-Required identifying yellow stars on Jews -Forbid Jews from marrying Germans and from certain jobs |
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Final Solution
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-Himmler, head of SS, decides Jews need to be cost-effectively eliminated
-20 concentration camps built -6 death camps -combo camps -by 1942, 1 million Jews killed by bullets, getting expensive, switch to gas chamber |
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Police Batallion 101
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-Sent to rural villages of Poland
-Mission to round up men of working age -Execute all women, children and elderly |
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Jackson
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-U.S. Supreme Court Justice
-Asked to step down to be chief prosecutor for Allies for Nuremberg trials -14 officers found guilty of war crimes and hung -10 sent to prison -Goering's defense that U.S. used slaves |
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Crete
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-Germans jump into Crete, Greece
-Only had one riser coming from back of shoot, very hard to steer -All weapons dropped out of airplanes, put in canisters and thrown out, when land have to find weapons -U.S. learned from Germany jumps, created four riser shoot, strapped pistols to themselves |
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Pathfinders
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Jump in and set up drop zones in preparation for men jumping in combat
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C-47 Aircraft
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-Aircraft soldiers jump out of on D-DAY
-Jump in sticks, units of 5-18 men -Flew 90 mph when leaving aircraft in training, dropped at 150 mph at 2 a.m. on static line jump at 700 ft. |
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D-DAY
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-4,000 troops jump, idea to land in Normandy and set up blocking force for daylight invasion and rush of German troops to beach
-82nd and 101st Airborne to be blocking forces -Nothing went as expected, problem was anti-aircraft flak destroying aircraft, forcing troops to jump into unplanned DZs, divisions mixed up, highest rank in group commands -Surprise major advantage -No German assault organized, good U.S. presentation of troops in skies, Germans reacting to soldiers individually |
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Stephen Ambrose
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"Saving Private Ryan"
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Bangelor Torpedos
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Tubes of TNT used to cut through wire defenses set up by Germans
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Operation Overlord 2
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-Ike speaks to 1.4 million AEF troops before loading ships to Normandy
-Have to control beach in order to move forward -German bunkers should have been taken out by air power -German's advantage was smokeless powder -Breakout: allies not prepared with topography going to be faced with bocage, had to put blades on tanks but didn't have enough horsepower to maneuver blades |
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Gen. McNair
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-Ike puts in charge of ground forces in Europe
-Didn't believe in armor or air force as separate units, should be used as support -Thought armor should be quick, light and fast, why many destroyed by German tanks |
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Leigh Mallory
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-Head of RAF: British Royal Air Force separate from British Army
-Believed in strategic bombing, didn't necessarily support troops on ground |
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Transportation Plan
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-Need to strategically bomb railroads, refineries, oil refineries in advance of D-Day
-Plan developed by RAF, U.S. argued whether moral or not -Agreed if strategic bombing killed less than 10 K civilians, ok -Rule went away after D-Day -Collateral Damage-killing of innocents, start thinking about it differently when actually in war |
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Battle of Bulge
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-Concentration to make it to Berlin as fast as possible, run mostly by U.S. Navy and Marines in mid-Dec. 1944
-Believed Germans about to cave, but one last good fight in them -500 K Germanys, 600 K U.S., 55 K Brits -Casualties: 100 K Germans, 80 K Americans -Germans under direct command of HItler -Montgomery put in command of U.S. 9th Army, upset Patton -Last until Jan. 1 when Germans are defeated |
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Massacre of Melmedy in Belgium
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-U.S. troops captured by SS and executed unarmed
-When Americans get there in Feb. '45 find bullets in back of head, killed by machine guns and later shot in back of head -Durnings: one of the survivors -German soldiers found guilty and sentenced to death penalty, commuted not killed |
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Pacific late 1944
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-Germans continue to fight despite European defeat
-Still island-hopping, known will be a ground invasion in Japan sometime 1945 -No one knows about bomb being made except FDR and Sec. of War Stimson |
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Gen. Lemay
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-Head of Army air in Pacific, told to find a way to get B-29 in air as often as possible and drop as many bombs wherever they could as close to Japan as possible
-Mar. 9-10, 1945 Lemay drops thousands of bombs over Tokyo for 60 days, 84 K Japanese killed -U.S. felt need to bomb Tokyo because no indication Japanese would surrender on ground |
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Operation Olympic
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-Planned by Stimson to invade Japan mainland
-Largest invasion in history, 1-1.5 million troops -Soviet pledged to help U.S. -Stimson tells Truman about bomb, thinks will change warfare forever and could end war -Stimson says necessary because Japan unbeatable on ground |
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Iwo Jima
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-Idea to conquer and use as base to get to mainland
-Started Feb. 19 and lasted about 17 days -21 K Jap. killed, 10 K U.S. -Can make argument not necessary in grand plan, costs allies a lot of men |
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Okinawa
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-Took 4 months, should have taken 2-3 weeks
-Showed us side of Japanese not seen, indigenous citizens convinced better off to commit suicide than stay on island because told U.S. soldiers would rape and kill them, jumped off cliffs with babies -U.S. landed 50 K troops in one day -Japanese used topography to advantage -Franklin and Wass aircraft carriers destroyed by kamikazes on 2nd day, 9 kamikazes in few days -110 K Japanese killed, 7,400 surrender, 10 K U.S. killed |
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Kamikazes
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-Take inexperienced pilots and guide them into fuel depots of large aircraft carriers, naval ships
-U.S. didn't have experiences with suiciders, new/strong Japanese weapon |
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Atomic Bomb
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-Started by Einstein in 1939, wrote a letter to FDR explaining bomb possible and could change warfare, U.S. needed to compete with German bomb
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Manhattan Project
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-Headed by Oppenheimer and Groves
-Chicago, Oakridge, TN, and Los Alamos, NM had labs -20 K employees sworn to secrecy, goal to those building to use against HItler |
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Potsdam
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-Truman on his way there July 16 1945 to conference with Stalin, Churchill to carve up world
-Truman gets word on way that bomb being tested in Alamagorde, test successful but not tested out of airplane -Stalin knows everything from spies, Truman doesn't know that and doesn't know what to tell him, tells him he thinks he has a device that will end war -3 bombs: 1 tested, Fat Boy and Batman -Scientists become concerned with radiation and mortality of bomb |
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U.S.S. Indianapolis
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-Orders to pick up secret cargo
-After dropping off cargo, hit and sunk by a Japanese submarine -880 killed, sharks, spend over 4 days in water, 300 rescued by Navy |
