Military Final

Front 1

1st Major Theme

Back 1

Rational military considerations rarely shape military policy.
EX. Not allowing those who carry guns to decide who and when to kill, not allowing Commander in Chief to wear uniform, people reluctant to pay taxes to support military.

Front 2

2nd Major Theme

Back 2

American Defense Policy is built on pluralistic military institutions that miss professional military restrictions.
Ex. Mix of professional and citizen soldiers; 10 % against forces, 10 % all for.

Front 3

3rd Major Theme

Back 3

America is never ready for war; however, we have been relatively secure for a variety of reasons:
1. Geography-surrounded by ocean
2. Resources-ability to mine. make iron, weaponry, relatively rich
3. American Resolve-individualistic nature when pulled together makes us stand up and take action

Front 4

4th Major Theme

Back 4

America does have a firm commitment to civilian control over the military, but this requires a special kind of military/civilian relationship. This also causes uninformed civilians to have supervisory authority over uniformed officers.

Front 5

5th Major Theme

Back 5

We have a professional officer core, which causes a certain kind of nationalization or federalization of the military. This requires us to think in terms of special schools and education for those who wish to become officers.
Ex. ROTC, OCS, West Point, Naval/Air War College

Front 6

6th Major Theme

Back 6

Technology has enabled America to contend with armies and military unites that are larger than ours.
Ex. Atomic power, computerization, air power

Front 7

Iron Curtain

Back 7

term used in U.S., not coined by an American, given in a speech at West Minister College in Fulton, MO on March 4, 1967. Churchill, "an iron curtain has descended across the European continent.

Front 8

Liberals during Cold War

Back 8

Need to export our greatness, democracy, tended to be Dems.

Front 9

Conservatives during Cold War

Back 9

Robert Taft, don't need weapons, just bombs

Front 10

New Look

Back 10

Don't need infantry anymore, need airplanes, Ike's deal

Front 11

NCS Report #68/Truman Doctrine

Back 11

Issued in 1948 by Kennan.
1. Said U.S. realized Soviet's goal was world domination and U.S. will do everything in its power to *contain communism*, does not say will defeat, contain the expansion.
2. For the next 45 years, U.S. and Soviet will fight *Proxy Wars* all over the continent; try to keep wars from happening due to respect of each other's military.
3. *China under communist Mao Tse Tung*-going up against Nationalist leader *Chiang Khi Shek*, Mao takes over and China falls to communism, Truman blamed for losing China.
4. June 1950, commie leaders and parties invade S. Korea from N. Korea and Truman Doctrine tested

Front 12

Gen. Spatz

Back 12

Commanding general after WWII, believed Air Force should handle everything in air, no need for naval aviation.

Front 13

Johnson

Back 13

Truman's Sec. of Defense, loved the Air Force, scraps Navy's super carrier idea (U.S.S. United States) , pisses Navy off and say can take out Air Force carriers if you give us a chance, Johnson thinks that would undermine national security.

Front 14

Revolt of Admirals

Back 14

Admirals appear before House Armed Service Committee, saying Air Force is taking away Naval power, accuse Truman and Johnson of being too much in favor of Air Force, convinced important members not to completely scrap Naval Tactical Air Arm. Sec. of Navy resigns, head of Navy operations fired by Johnson for being too aggressive

Front 15

Korean War

Back 15

1. North Korea People's Army led by Kim Il Sung across 38th parallel into S. Korea with 250 K troops, magnitude catches everyone by surprise.
2. S. Korea led by Rhee, had to flee south because caught by surprise and ends up in Pusan.
3. Truman authorizes sending troops to S. Korea, Gen McArthur in charge.

Front 16

Air Force in Korea

Back 16

Tactical Control Parties:
1. Forward Air Controller- usually in Army on ground contacting.
2. Joint Operation Center- for Air Force close air support telling them what they need.
3. JOC-prioritizes requests, contacts the Tactical Air Control Center.
4. TACC contacts the flight, flight contacts FAC to tell on the way, usually about 45 minutes, could take up to day.
4. The F-80 had to take off from Japan, by the time got to location, had about 10 minutes of "on-station" time

Front 17

Marines in Korea

Back 17

1. Have a lot more experience with close air support, practicing since 1933.
2. FAC always on ground at battalion level, a rifleman first, FAC second.
3. FAC contacts TACC, TACC sends request to aircraft, aircraft contacts FAC
4. Takes about 15 minutes, can stay "on-station" for hours because of propeller-driven aircraft instead of jets.
5. Prove air support still worthwhile.

Front 18

Inchon

Back 18

McArthur wants to take war to N. Korea, proposes amphibious landing at Inchon-northeast coast of S. Korea, just south of 38th parallel
2. Lots of obstacles:
a. Sea Wall instead of landing beach
b. Tides unpredictable, only 3-4 days work for landing, figures middle of month best time.

Front 19

Sept. 15, 1950

Back 19

Marines land in Inchon and conquer with air support. Get to Sol, take it over, get permission from Truman to take war to north

Front 20

Chosin Reservoir

Back 20

Where Marines gather, plan to move NW, Chinese troops surprise them and have to retreat south, destroy CHinese force on way down.
Truman pissed/he and McArthur don't like Marines retreated 75 miles.

Front 21

Limited Warfare

Back 21

No declaration of war, no mobilization of the masses, no ration carts, no huge sacrifices, limited goals.

Front 22

Gen. Marshall

Back 22

New Sec. of Def., against creation of Israel because knew ould upset Palestinians forever, supported firing McArthur.

Front 23

Unlimited War

Back 23

McArthur runs for president, urged U.S. making huge mistake and need unimited warfare, talking to press and bad-mouthed Truman. Should have been fired although he may have been correct in decision making.

Front 24

Bradley

Back 24

JCS- not in favor of unlimited war because feared China's involvement.

Front 25

Changes after Korean War

Back 25

1. One year rotation for soldiers.
2. Come home and have five year service liability, reserve obligation, important to Cold War.
3. 1952 B-27- first all get bomber
4. Air Force has delivery systems available for delivering atomic weapons.
5. Use of helicopters.

Front 26

Ridgeway

Back 26

Commander of UN Forces, worked as Lt. under Ike in WWII
1. Commands troops in Heart break Ridge.
2. Sees a need to train *Republic of Korea (ROKS)* in combat fighting .
3. Changed the way war was fought, never did what McArthur was asking to do and change aim of war, though nuclear weapons would work.
4. Completely supports Truman's idea of total integration of forces, *1947* idea came around, Korea first war blacks and whites fight side by side.

Front 27

Taft, Stevenson

Back 27

Rep. nominee, Dem. nominee

Ike elected 1951 as republican.

Front 28

POWs

Back 28

Biggest issue in negotiating end of Korean War.
1. U.S. holding over 100 K POWs, half wanted to stay in south.
2. N. Koreans holding about 100 K S. Koreans, 9500 K American POWs.
3. Only 3,800 Americans came home, 1,000 murdered, some still missing, others died of sickness.
4. Brainwashing of American POWs.

Front 29

End of Korean War, 1953

Back 29

1. Ike guarantees security of S.Korea forever, American troops still there.
2. Agreed to mutually secure other countries in area: Taiwan, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand.
3. War cost $40 billion, 2 million men fought, 41 K casualties
4. Commies lose 1-2 million.
5. make a commitment to France who go to war with Vientnam in 1947.

Front 30

Dien Bien Phu

Back 30

Shitty garrison set up by French in valley surrounded by jungle. Led by Navarre, 15 K French troops, artillery basis set up. Surrounded by 50 K Viet Minh troops led by Gen. Giap.

Front 31

Goldwater

Back 31

JFK's opponent, father of modern conservative movement