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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chemistry
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Key Terms
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acid mantle
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Protective barrier of lipids and secretions on the surface of the skin.
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acid-alkali neutralization reactions
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When an acid is mixed with an alkali in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water (H2O) and a salt.
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acids
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Substances that have a pH below 7.0, tastes sour, and turns litmus paper from blue to red.
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air
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The gaseous mixture that makes up the Earth's atmosphere. It is odorless, colorless, and generally consists of about 1 part oxygen and 4 parts nitrogen by volume.
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alkalis
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Compounds that react with acids to form salts; have a pH above 7.0 (neutral), tastes bitter, and turns litmus paper from red to blue. (AKA bases)
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anion
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An ion with a negative electrical charge.
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antioxidants
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Used to stabilize skin care products by preventing oxidation that would otherwise cause a product to turn rancid and decompose. They are vitamins such as A, C, and E, which can be applied topically in products or taken internally to increase healthy body functions.
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atoms
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The smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element that still retains the properties of that element.
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cation
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Ion with a positive electrical charge.
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chemical change
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Change in the chemical properties of the substance that is the result of a chemical reaction in which a new substance or substances are formed that have properties different from the original.
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chemical compounds
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Combinations of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties.
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chemical properties
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Those characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the identity of a substance.
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chemistry
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Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
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combustion
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Rapid oxidation of any substance, accompanied by the production of light and heat.
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compound molecules
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A chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions; (AKA compounds).
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element
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The simplest form of matter; cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without the loss of identity.
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elemental molecules
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Molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions.
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emulsions
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An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.
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free radicals
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Unstable molecules that cause inflammation, disease, and biochemical aging in the body, especially wrinkling and sagging of the skin. They are super oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new ones in the process that are created by highly reactive atoms or molecules (often oxygen).
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gases
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Matter without a definite shape or size. No fixed volume or shape; takes the shape of its container.
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hydrogen
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Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; the lightest element known.
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hydrogen peroxide
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Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen; a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly acid taste.
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hydrophilic
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Easily absorbs moisture; in chemistry terms, capable of combining with or attracting water (water-loving).
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hydroxide
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An anion (an ion with a negative electrical charge) with one oxygen and one hydrogen atom.
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immiscible
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Liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions.
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inorganic chemistry
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The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen.
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ion
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An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.
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ionization
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The separation of an atom or molecule into positive or negative ions.
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lipophilic
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Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving).
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liquids
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Matter that has volume, no definite shape and will take the shape of its container, such as water.
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logarithmic scale
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A method of displaying data in multiples of 10.
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matter
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Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).
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miscible
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Capable of being mixed; liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions.
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molecule
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A chemical combination of two or more atoms.
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nitrogen
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Colorless, gaseous element that makes up four-fifths of the air in the atmosphere.
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oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion
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Oil droplets dispersed in a water with the aid of an emulsifying agent.
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organic chemistry
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Study of substances that contain carbon.
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oxidation
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Either the addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen; a chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.
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oxidation-reduction
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Also known as redox; chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.
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oxidize
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To combine or cause a substance to combine with oxygen.
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oxygen
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The most abundant element on Earth.
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pH
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The abbreviation for potential hydrogen; relative degree of acidity and alkalinity of a substance. pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions.
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pH scale
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A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH below 7 is an acidic solution; a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution.
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physical change
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Change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of a substance.
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physical mixtures
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Combination of two or more substances united physically, not chemically, without a fixed composition and in any proportions.
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physical properties
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Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance.
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redox reactions
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Chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.
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reduction
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The process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction.
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solids
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A state of matter that is rigid with a definite size and shape, such as ice.
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solute
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A substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution.
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solutions
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A uniform mixture of two of more mutually miscible substances.
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solvent
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A substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution.
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states of matter
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The three different physical forms of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
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surfactants
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Reduces surface tension between the skin and the product to increase product spreadability; allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify. Acronym for surface active agent.
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suspensions
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Unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible substances.
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water
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Most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75 percent of Earth's surface and about 65 percent of the human body.
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water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion
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Droplets of water dispersed in an oil.
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