Milady's Standard Esthetics

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Disorders and Diseases of the Skin

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Key Terms

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acne

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This is a chronic skin inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands that is characterized by comedones and blemishes; commonly known as acne simplex virus OR acne vulgaris.

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acne excoriee

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This is a disorder where clients purposely scrape off acne lesions, causing scarring and discoloration.

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actinic keratoses

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Pink or flesh-colored precancerous lesions that feel sharp or rough; resulting from sun damage.

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albinism

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Absence of melanin pigment in the body, including skin, hair, and eyes; the technical term for this is congenital leukoderma OR congenital hypopigmentation.

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anhidrosis

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Deficiency in perspiration, often a result of a fever or skin disease, that requires medical treatment.

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asteatosis

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Dry, scaly skin from sebum deficiency, which can be due to aging, body disorders, alkalies of harsh soaps, or cold exposure.

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atopic dermatitis

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Excess inflammation; dry skin, redness, and itching from allergies and irritants.

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basal cell carcinoma

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This is the most common and the LEAST severe type of skin cancer, which often appears as light, pearly nodules; characteristics include sores, reddish patches, or a smooth growth with an elevated border.

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bromhidrosis

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Foul-smelling perspiration, usually in the armpits or on the feet.

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bulla

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This is a large blister containing watery fluid; similar to a vesicle but larger.

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carbuncle

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Cluster of boils; large inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci bacterium; similar to a furuncle (boil) but larger.

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chloasma

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Also known as liver spots; this condition is characterized by hyperpigmentation on the skin in spots that are NOT elevated.

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comedo

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A mass of hardened sebum and skin cells in a hair follicle. Closed ones are whiteheads that are blocked and do not have a follicular opening while open ones are blackheads because the sebum and skin cells were exposed to oxygen.

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comedogenic

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The tendency for an ingredient to clog follicles and cause a buildup of dead skin cells, resulting in comedones.

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conjunctivitis

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Also known as pinkeye; this is a very contagious infection of the mucous membranes around the eye; has chemical, bacterial, or viral causes.

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contact dermatitis (dermatitis venenata)

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Inflammatory skin condition caused by contact with a substance or chemical. Occupational disorders from ingredients in cosmetics and chemical solutions can cause this.

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crust

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Dead cells form over a wound or blemish while it's healing, resulting in the accumulation of sebum and pus, sometimes mixed with epidermal material. An example is a scab on a sore.

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cyst

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Closed, abnormally developed sac containing fluid, infection or other matter above or below the skin.

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dermatitis

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Any inflammatory condition of the skin; various forms of lesions such as eczema, vesicles, or papules; the three main categories of this are atopic, contact, and seborrheic.

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dermatologist

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Physician who specializes in diseases and disorders of the skin, hair, and nails.

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dermatology

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Medical branch of science that deals with the study of the skin and its nature, structure, function, diseases, and treatment.

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eczema

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Inflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin; acute or chronic in nature, with dry or moist lesions. This condition should be referred to a physician. Seborrheic dermatitis, mainly affecting oily areas, is a common form of this.

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edema

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Swelling caused by a fluid imbalance in cells or a response to injury or infection.

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erythema

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Redness caused by inflammation; a red lesion is this.

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excoriation

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Skin sores or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping.

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fissure

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Crack in the skin that penetrates the dermis. Chapped lips or hands have this.

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folliculitis (folliculitis barbae, sycosis barbae, or barber's itch)

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Barber's itch; Inflammation of the hair follicles caused by bacterial infection from ingrown hairs. Typically caused by shaving.

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furuncle

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Also known as a boil; a subcutaneous abscess filled with pus; caused by bacteria in the glands or hair follicles.

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herpes simplex virus 1

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Strain of the herpes virus that causes fever blisters or cold sores; it is a recurring, contagious viral infection consisting of a vesicle or group of vesicles on a red, swollen base. The blisters usually appear on the lips or nostrils.

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herpes simplex virus 2

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Strain of the herpes virus that infects the genitals.

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herpes zoster

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Also known as shingles; a painful viral infection skin condition from the chickenpox virus; characterized by groups of blisters that form a rash in a ring or line.

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hyperhidrosis

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Excessive perspiration caused by heat, genetics, medications, or medical conditions; also called diaphoresis.

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hyperkeratosis

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Thickening of the skin caused by a mass of keratinized cells (keratinocytes).

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hyperpigmentation

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Absence of pigment, resulting in light or white splotches.

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impetigo

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A contagious skin infection caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria, characterized by clusters of small blisters or crusty lesions and often occurring in children.

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keloid

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Thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue (collagen).

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keratoma

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Acquired, superficial, thickened patch of epidermis. A callus is a keratoma caused by continued, repeated pressure or friction on any part of the skin, especially the hands and feet.

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keratosis

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Abnormally thick buildup of cells.

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keratosis pilaris

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Redness and bumpiness common on the cheeks or upper arms; it is caused by blocked hair follicles. The patches of irritation are accompanied by a rough texture and small pinpoint white milia.

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lentigo

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Freckles; small yellow-brown colored spots. Lentigenes that result from sunlight exposure are actinic, or solar, lentigenes. Patches are referred to as large macules.

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lesions

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Mark, wound, or abnormality; structural changes in tissues caused by damage or injury.

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leukoderma

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Skin disorder characterized by light, abnormal patches; congenital, acquired, post-inflammatory, or other causes that destroy pigment-producing cells. Vitiligo and albinism are examples of this.

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macule

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Flat spot or discoloration on the skin, such as a freckle. They are neither raised nor sunken.

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malignant melanoma

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Most serious form of skin cancer as it can spread quickly (metastasize). Black or dark patches on the skin are usually uneven in texture, jagged, or raised. They may have surface crust or bleed.

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milia

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Epidermal cysts; small, firm papules with no visible opening; whitish, pearl-like masses of sebum and dead skin cells under the skin. They are more commonin dry skin types and may form after skin trauma, such as laser resurfacing.

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miliaria rubra

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Also known as prickly heat; acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands resulting in the eruption of red vesicles and burning, itching skin from excessive heat exposure.

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mole

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Pigmented nevus; a brownish spot ranging in color from tan to bluish black. Some are flat, resembling freckles; others are raised and darker.

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nevus

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Also known as a birthmark; malformation of the skin due to abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries.

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nodules

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These are often referred to as tumors, but these are smaller bumps caused by conditions such as scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infections.

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papule

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Pimple; small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus.

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perioral dermatitis

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Acne-like condition around the mouth. These are mainly small clusters of papules that could be caused by toothpaste or products used on the face.

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primary lesions

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Characterized by flat, nonpalpable changes in skin color such as macules or patches, or an elevation formed by fluid in a cavity, such as vesicles, bullae, or pustules.

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pruitis

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Persistent itching

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pseudofolliculitis

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Also known as razor bumps; resembles folliculitis without the pus or infection.

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psoriasis

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Skin disease characterized by red patches covered with white-silver scales. It is caused by an overproliferation of skin cells that replicate too fast. Immune dysfunction could be the cause. It's usually found in patches on the scalp, elbows, knees, chest, and lower back.

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pustule

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Raised, inflamed papule with a white or yellow center containing pus in the top of the lesion referred to as the head of the pimple.

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retention hyperkeratosis

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Hereditary factor in which dead skin cells build up and do not shed from the follicles as they do on normal skin.

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scale

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Flaky skin cells; any thin plate of epidermal flakes, dry or oily. An example is abnormal or excessive dandruff.

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scar

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Light-colored, slightly raised mark on the skin formed after an injury or lesion of the skin has healed up. The tissue hardens to heal the injury. When elevated they are considered hypertrophic; a keloid is an example of this.

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sebaceous filaments

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Similar to open comedones, these are mainly solidified impactions of oil without the cell matter.

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sebaceous hyperplasia

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Benign lesions frequently seen in oilier areas of the face. An overgrowth of the sebaceous gland, they appear similar to open comedones; often doughnut-shaped, with sebaceous material in the center.

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seborrhea

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Severe oiliness of the skin; an abnormal secretion from the sebaceous glands.

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seborrheic dermatitis

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Common form of eczema; mainly affects oily areas; characterized by inflammation, scaling, and/or itching.

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secondary lesions

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Skin damage, developed in the later stages of disease, that changes the structure of tissue or organs.

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skin tag

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Small, benign outgrowths or extensions of the skin that look like flaps; common under the arms or on the neck.

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squamous cell carcinoma

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Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; characterized by scaly, red, or pink papules or nodules; also appear as open sores or crusty areas; can grow and spread in the body.

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stain

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Brown or wine-colored discoloration with a circular and/or irregular shape. These occur after certain diseases, or after moles, freckles, or liver spots disappear.

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steatoma

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Sebaceous cyst or subcutaneous tumor filled with sebum; ranges in size from a pea to an orange. It usually appears on the scalp, neck, and back; also called a wen.

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tan

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Increase in pigmentation due to the melanin production that results from exposure to UV radiation; visible skin damage. Melanin is designed to help protect the skin from the sun's UV radiation.

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tinea

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Fungal infection.

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tinea corporis

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Also known as ringworm; a contagious infection that forms a ringed, red pattern with elevated edges..

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tubercle

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Abnormal rounded, solid lump; larger than a papule.

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tumor

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Large nodule; an abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive cell multiplication and varying in size, shape, and color.

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ulcer

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Open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the body, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth. A deep erosion; a depression in the skin, normally due to infection or cancer.

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urticaria

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Also known as hives; caused by an allergic reaction from the body's histamine production.

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varicose veins

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Vascular lesions; dilated and twisted veins, most commonly in the legs.

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vasodilation

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Vascular dilation of the blood vessels.

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verruca

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Also known as wart; hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis caused by a virus. It is infectious and contagious.

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vesicle

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Small blister or sac containing clear fluid. Poison ivy and poison oak produce these.

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vitiligo

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Pigmentation disease characterized by white patches on the skin from lack of pigment cells; sunlight makes it worse.

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wheal

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Itchy, swollen lesion caused by a blow, insect bite, skin allergy reaction, or stings. Hives and mosquito bites are examples of these. Hives (urticaria) can be caused by exposure to allergens used in products.

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port wine stain

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A type of stain that is a birthmark, which is a vascular type of nevus.

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Name the primary lesions.

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Bulla, cyst, macule, nodules, papule, pustule, tubercle, tumor, vesicle, and wheal.

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Name the secondary lesions.

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Crust, excoriation, acne excoriee, fissure, keloid, scale, scar, and ulcer.

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Name the sebaceous gland disorders.

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Acne, asteatosis, comedo, furuncle, carbuncles, milia, sebaceous hyperplasia, seborrhea, seborrheic dermatitis, and steatoma.

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List the inflammations of the skin.

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Dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, eczema, edema, erythema, folliculitis (and pseudofolliculitis), pruitis, psoriasis, and urticaria.

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What is rosacea?

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It's an inflammation of the skin characterized by extreme redness, dilation of blood vessels, and in severe cases the formation of papules and pustules. It is chronic congestion primarily on the cheeks and nose.

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List three disorders characterized by hyperpigmentation.

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Lentigo, melasma, and nevus.

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What are four types of hypertrophies?

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Actinic keratosis, keratosis pilaris, mole, and skin tags.

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Name six of the contagious diseases.

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Conjunctivitis, herpes simplex virus 1, 2 and zoster, impetigo, tinea, tinea corporis, and warts.

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What are the main causes of acne?

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Genetics/heredity, clogged follicles, bacteria, and triggers.

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What may trigger an acne flare up?

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Hormones, stress, cosmetics, skin care products, foods, and pressure or friction from rubbing or touching the face.

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Describe the four grades of acne.

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Grade 1: mostly open comedones, some closed comedones, and a few papules. Grade 2: many closed comedones, more open comedones, and occasional papules and pustules. Grade 3: red and inflammed, many comedones, papules, and pustules. Grade 4: Cystic acne with comedones, papules, pustules, inflammation, and scar formation/tissue damage is common.

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List three potential side effects of acne drugs.

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Birth defects, photosensitivity, and drying/ irritation.

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Skin Histology

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Key Terms & Review Questions