Midterm Studyguide

Front 1

What are the main subfiels in anthopology?

Back 1

physical anthropology, archeology, cultural anthropolgy, anthropological linguistics, and applied anthropology.

Front 2

Physical anthropology

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biological enolution of homo sapiens; physical variation among human populations; comparisons of human anatomy and behavior with other primate species.

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archeology

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changes in human cultures over very long time spans by excavating sites, to reconstruct human prehistory and supplement written historial documents

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cultural anthropology

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differences and similarities in contemporary and historically recent cultures, investigated through intensive fieldwork and careful comparisons.

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anthropological linguistics

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general relation beween language and culture; role of language and speaking in cultural and social life and specific peoples; how language shapes cognition and thought

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applied anthropology

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applications of anthropological skills, knowledge, conceps, and methods to the solution of real world problems.

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you should study cultures and communtities in three different perspectives

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holistic, comparitive, relativistic

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Holistic perspective

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this means that no single aspect of a community can be understood unless its relations to other aspects of the community's total way of life are explored.

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Comparative Perspective

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the ways of life of people in different times and places are far too diverse for any theory to be accepted until it has been tested in a range of human populations

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Relativistic Perspectives

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this means that no culture is inherently superior or inferior to any other

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Ethnocentrism

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the belief that the moral standards, manners, attitudes, and so forth of one's own culture are superior to those of other cultures

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culture

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the culture of a group consists of shared, socially learned knowledge and patterns of behavior

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the five specific components of cultural knowledge

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norms, values, symbols, classifications of reality, and world views

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norm

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a shared ideal about how people ought to act incertain situations or about how particualr people should act toward particular other people.

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values

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these consist of a people's beliefs about the goals or way of life that is desirable for themsleves and their society

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symbol

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somethinga that means, stands for, or calls to mind something else. arbitrary - no ingerent qualities in the symbol itslef that lead some human group to attribute one meaning to it, rather than some other meaning. conventional - the fact that the meanings exist only becuase people implicitly agree they exist (red light)

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classifications of reality

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the human and naturla environments are divided up according to shared and largely unconscious principles

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world views

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the way a people interpret reality and events, including their images of themselves and how they relate to the natural world.

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culture is necessary for human exisence in at least three specific ways....

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-culture provides the skills needed to adapt to our surroundings
-culuture is the basis for human social life
-culture affects our views of reality.

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materialism

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they think that how a people make their living in their environment is the most important influence on the rest of their cultural existence.

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idealists

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humans differ from other animals in that these needs can be satisfied in such a multitude of ways that cultural differences cannot possible be reduced to "need satisfaction"

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adaption

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the process by which organisms survive and reproduce in their environment

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what is included in an environment

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-physical features like topography and precipitation
-populations of other species like plants and animals
-members of the organism's own species

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hunting and gathering (foraging)

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peopel exploit the wild plants and animals of their territory for food

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agriculture (cultivation)

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people intentionally palnt, care for, and harvest crops for food and other uses

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herding (pastoralism)

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people tend, breed, and harvest the products of livestock for food, trade, and other uses

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horticulture

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people use only the energy of their muscles in clearing land, turning over the soil, planting the crops, weeding, and harvesting.

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what are the three major types of economic exchange

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-reciprocity
-redistribution
-market eschange

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reciprocity

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two individuals or groups pass objects back and forth with the aim of felping someone in need by sharing goods with him or her, creating, maintaining, or strengthening social relationships, or obtaining the objects for oneself.

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redistribution

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the members of an organized group contribute products or mones into a common pool or fund; a central authority usually has the privelegde and responsibility to make decisions about how the products or money later will be reallocated among the group as a whole

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market

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products or objects are sold for money, which in turn is used to purchase other products or objects, with the ultimate goal of acquiring more money, which can be spent on more products or objects

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generalized reciprocity

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those who ive do not expect the secipient to make a return at any definite time in the future

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balanced reciprocity

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products are transferred to someone and the donor expects a return in products of roughly equal value.

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negative reciprocity

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both parties attempt to gain all they can from the exchange while giving up as little as possible

Front 35

what are the three major types of economic exchange

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-reciprocity
-redistribution
-market eschange

Front 36

reciprocity

Back 36

two individuals or groups pass objects back and forth with the aim of felping someone in need by sharing goods with him or her, creating, maintaining, or strengthening social relationships, or obtaining the objects for oneself.

Front 37

redistribution

Back 37

the members of an organized group contribute products or mones into a common pool or fund; a central authority usually has the privelegde and responsibility to make decisions about how the products or money later will be reallocated among the group as a whole

Front 38

market

Back 38

products or objects are sold for money, which in turn is used to purchase other products or objects, with the ultimate goal of acquiring more money, which can be spent on more products or objects

Front 39

generalized reciprocity

Back 39

those who ive do not expect the secipient to make a return at any definite time in the future

Front 40

balanced reciprocity

Back 40

products are transferred to someone and the donor expects a return in products of roughly equal value.

Front 41

negative reciprocity

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both parties attempt to gain all they can from the exchange while giving up as little as possible